A/74/191 some facilities migrant girls are co-located with adult men without access to social workers who are knowledgeable and experienced regarding their needs and vulnerabilities. 4. Push-back and forced return 91. With the push-back against migrants on the rise, there have been documented cases of the forced return of pregnant mothers, new mothers and transgender migrants at international borders. 97 This kind of push-back is sometimes accompanied by the excessive use of force, including against pregnant women. 98 92. In a number of cases, forced return to countries of origin have been proven to be particularly dangerous. Women who are forced to return to their countries of origin are often forced to resettle internally, and they may remain socially anonymous for fear of detection by the criminal gangs or partners they fled in the first instance. There have been documented cases of women being revictimized and stigmatized upon return. 5. Negative impact on the right to family unit 93. Regrettably, some countries have adopted measures that set up obstacles to the reunification of migrant women with their family members, for example, by providing quotas for the spouses of migrants. Other countries have increased requirements for language tests, raised fees or placed additional restrictions on access to social benefits for children wishing to join their migrant parents. Such practices forc e many migrant women to live in the country of destination without their children or spouse. 6. Lack of timely access to relevant and up-to-date information 94. Providing relevant up-to-date information in a manner that migrant women can understand continues to be a challenge in some countries. Pre-departure programmes in a number of countries, while commendable, do not sufficiently address the underlying causes for the discrimination and subordination of women and girls within patriarchal systems, and how they are intrinsically linked to their situations of vulnerability. 99 7. Insufficient access to health, including sexual and reproductive health 95. Many migrants, including women and girls, continue to lack access to health care services, including health promotion, disease prevention, treatment and care, as well as financial protections in this regard. Sometimes nationality or legal status is a determinant for who is entitled to access health-care services. The specific situations, demands, views and needs of migrant women in detention are often unmet, in particular concerning menstrual hygiene and their sexual and reproductive health and rights. For instance, pregnant women in detention centres may have to deliver their children in inadequate conditions, or may suffer miscarriages. 100 The detention of __________________ 97 98 99 100 19-12287 https://rm.coe.int/gec-2018-12-protecting-the-rights-of-migrant-and-refugee-asylumseekin/16808fde22). Molly Hennesse-Fiske, “Pregnant women, other vulnerable asylum seekers are returned to Mexico to await hearings”, Los Angeles Times, 19 May 2019 (https://www.latimes.com/nation/lana-migrant-remain-in-mexico-20190519-story.html). Belgrade Center for Human Rights, Macedonian Young Lawyers Association and Oxfam, “A Dangerous ‘Game’: The pushback of migrants, including refugees, at Europe’s Borders”, April 2017 (https://www-cdn.oxfam.org/s3fs-public/file_attachments/bp-dangerous-game-pushbackmigrants-refugees-060417-en_0.pdf). Maria Amparita, “An analysis of the Philippine legal and policy frameworks”, p. 49. See submission of the Global Detention Project. 19/24