A/79/316 (c) Temporary, ceasing after the objectives for which they have been taken have been achieved; (d) Designed and implemented through prior consultation with affected communities and the active participation of such communities; (e) group; Available to individuals who self-identify as belonging to the targeted (f) Taken for the sole purpose of ensuring equal enjoyment of human rights and fundamental freedoms; (g) One component in the ensemble of provisions in the Convention dedicated to the objective of eliminating racial discrimination, the successful achievement of which will require the faithful implementation of all provisions of the Convention; (h) Different than general measures taken to secure human rights on a non-discriminatory basis to persons and groups; (i) Different than specific rights pertaining to certain categories of person or community, such as Indigenous land rights, for which permanent measures may be needed. 14. In 2011, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination issued general recommendation No. 34 on racial discrimination against people of African descent, in which specific recommendations are made to States to implement special measures aimed at eliminating all forms of racial discrimination against people of African descent. In the general recommendation, the Committee recommended that States formulate and implement national strategies, including special measures, with the participation of people of African descent; educate and raise the awareness of the public of the importance of special measures to address the situation of victims of racial discrimination, especially discrimination as a result of historical factors; and develop and implement special measures aimed at promoting the employment of people of African descent in the public and private sectors. 9 15. In the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action (2001), the necessity for special measures aimed at correcting the conditions that impair the enjoyment of rights and the introduction of special measures to encourage equal participation of all racial and cultural, linguistic and religious groups in all sectors of society and to bring all onto an equal footing is recognized. It is also stated in the Declaration that special measures should include those to achieve appropriate representation in education al institutions, housing, political parties, parliaments and employment, especially in the judiciary, the police, the army and other civil services. In the Declaration, States are expressly requested to promote understanding among society at large of the importance of special measures to overcome disadvantages faced by Indigenous Peoples. 10 16. Within other international human rights instruments, there are limited references to special measures specifically addressing racial or ethnic inequities. The Discrimination (Employment and Occupation) Convention, 1958 (No. 111) of the International Labour Organization allows for special measures designed to meet the particular requirements of persons who, for reasons such as sex, age, disablemen t, family responsibilities, or social or cultural status, are generally recognized to require special protection or assistance, and those should not be deemed to be discrimination. 11 While there is no express mention of race therein, the Special __________________ 9 10 11 24-15073 See CERD/C/GC/34. A/CONF.189/12 and A/CONF.189/12/Corr.1, chap. I. United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 362, No. 5181, art. 5, para. 2. 7/24