February 2006 relevant aspects, and do not solely consist of officially- or self-appointed 'community leaders, . 7 10. Police codes of conduct should include professional standards for policing in multi-ethnic societies, and police training programmes should include components specifically designed to achieve these standards. Breaches of these standards should be subject to remedial action, and exemplary good practice should receive professional and public recognition. Professional training is a form of education that has a specific purpose: to equip a person to carry out a specific professional role in accordance with professional standards. In order to define those standards, codes of conduct need to be drawn up, and competences identified which enable the professional to achieve those standards. This principle should be applied in the context of police training, and in particular to police training for working in multi-ethnic environments. Training programmes, and the 'training needs analyses' on which they are based (see under Recommendation 8 above), should be designed to support the implementation of such codes of conduct. Codes of conduct are based on international standards and set out the general ethical principles on which good professional policing is based. 8 Codes may also set out the specific actions that should be taken when carrying out specific policing tasks - in which case they are usually referred to as 'codes of practice'. Codes of practice normally involve the application of ethical principles to the conduct of specific policing tasks in specific national and legal circumstances. Codes of practice therefore should be drawn up by individual States. It is particularly important to draw up codes of conduct and specific practice with regard to policing in multi-ethnic environments due to the particular challenges such work may entail and its potentially controversial nature. Examples of potentially challenging and controversial policing tasks include managing overt ethnic conflict, deescalating ethnic tensions, conducting stop-and-search operations in ethnically sensitive areas, or conducting police operations generally in minority residential areas. Detailed codes of practice should provide specific guidance and support for police who 7 Further guidance on such training may be found in the chapter on 'Police Training on Migrants and National Minorities' in the Council of Europe publication, Human Rights and the Police (1997). See also http://www.coe.int/ T/E/Human_Rig hts/Police/2 ._Publications/2. 1_Trainers B_Supply_Kit/CI(98) 1_Workbook_for_practice_oriented_ teaching .asp 8 See the United Nations Code of Conduct for Law Enforcement 0fficials and the Council of Europe European Code of Police Ethics, cited in footnote 2 above. 22