A/76/434 the Establishment of a New International Economic Order and the Int ernational Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. 6. In the present report, the Special Rapporteur highlights significant developments in the international promotion of formal and substantive racial equality that can be attributed to the influence of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action and the Durban process. In the document, the relevant scope for addressing racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance was expanded to take into account historical precedents. It contains actionable recommendations for how States, non-State actors and civil society can challenge racism as it manifests in individual relations, in legal systems and in societal structures at the local, national, regional and transnational levels. It serves to highlight unequal economic and political structures as being essentially connected to the problems of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance. In doing all of this, the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action is a groundbreaking document, in which decolonial, anti-racist and anti-xenophobic commitments have been explicitly fused into a single human rights instrument. It is also unique in that it is the outcome of sustained and transnational advocacy by civil society actors and advocacy groups that are traditionally excluded from human rights norm creation. 7. The Durban process has been especially important for organizing and promoting efforts to ensure human rights for people of African descent, buildi ng solidarity between Africans and the African diaspora and energizing the movement for reparations for slavery and the transatlantic slave trade. The Durban Declaration and Programme of Action has encouraged the collection of data on people of African descent and indigenous peoples, especially in Latin America, and led to the creation of national action plans, national equality bodies and regional human rights instruments against racial discrimination. It has served to enhance recognition of racism against people of African descent, people of Asian descent, migrants, indigenous peoples, Roma and religious minorities. It was also one of the first international human rights instruments to utilize the concept of intersectional discrimination to consider how gender, class and other social categories mediated lived experiences of racism. And, although caste is not mentioned in the document, the Conference was a key catalyst in organizing an international solidarity movement against caste-based discrimination that yielded important results. 6 8. The interpretation of racial equality and non-discrimination human rights standards has, in many places, tended to be skewed in favour of the vindication of individual claims where racial or xenophobic hatred was explicit. Although in some cases international human rights law has addressed contexts of societal violence, redress and reparation for human rights violations are still often centred around individualized remedies rather than community-based or societal reparation. In this regard, one of the most positive contributions of the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action has been the centring of societal reparations within the international human rights framework. 9. Notwithstanding these and other contributions, the Conference and its outcome document have also been the subject of persistent controversy, which has been used to thwart engagement with its commitments. According to some States and civil society actors, the Declaration and Programme of Action is itself a “racist document” that needs to be discarded. Nothing could be further from the truth, and false assertions such as this are part of a disinformation campaign dedicated to erasing the document’s legacy from the human rights system. The Special Rapporteur s trongly __________________ 6 21-15325 Submission by the International Dalit Solidarity Network; and Clifford Bob, “‘Dalit rights are human rights’: caste discrimination, international activism and the construction of a new human rights issue”, Human Rights Quarterly, vol. 29, No. 1 (February 2007), p. 185. 5/26