A/HRC/38/53 that are devoted to propagating ideologies of racial superiority and racial hatred. One example of such a game brought to the attention of the Special Rapporteur involves the player playing the role of a neo-Nazi person tasked with killing non-whites or groups identified as enemies by neo-Nazi groups. Furthermore, some of the neo-Nazi websites and forums include revisionist historical educational lessons for children. 29. A study done by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization entitled “Youth and Violent Extremism on Social Media” explains that, while there is some correlation between youth violence and extremist propaganda, the exact roles of the Internet and social media in contributing to the radicalization process needs further exploration.43 2. Digital platforms as sites of hate speech and incitement to violence 30. In addition to recruitment, neo-Nazis and other hate groups also use digital platforms to incite hatred and violence on racial, ethnic, religious and related grounds. 44, 45 The ease and rapidity with which information can now be shared online, especially through social media platforms, means these platforms have now become arguably the most frequent sites of hate speech, and even incitement to violence. These platforms have facilitated the global transmission of harmful stereotypes against stigmatized groups targeted by groups such as neo-Nazis. Such stereotypes and related propaganda make violence against targeted groups more acceptable and arguably more likely. 46 In addition, neo-Nazi and related groups have also relied on online platforms to plan and circulate information about public events that range from demonstrations to acts of violence, including targeting groups and individuals on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, religion, gender, sexual orientation and related grounds. 31. As just mentioned, digital platforms are now a hotbed for the spread of ideologies of racial superiority. YouTube is the main content generator for some of the most intense right-wing media. YouTube stores billions of videos and has a massive reach of over 1.5 billion viewers a month.47 It directs viewers to videos based on videos previously watched; thus, a person who watches a neo-Nazi video will be directed to similar content. Notably, videos are used by neo-Nazis to help create false images. 48 For example, a video of a neo- 43 44 45 46 47 48 10 cloaking racist and xenophobic messages within music, games, activities, and cartoon characters”); John M. Cotter, “Sounds of hate: white power rock and roll and the neo-Nazi skinhead subculture”, Terrorism and Political Violence, vol. 11, No. 2 (1999), p. 121; James Paul Gee, “Stories, probes, and games”, Narrative Inquiry, vol. 21, No. 2 (2011), p. 356; and Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld, Diana R. Grant and Chau-Pu Chiang, “Hate online: a content analysis of extremist Internet sites”, Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, vol. 3, No. 1 (2003), pp. 29–44, at p. 35. Séraphin Alava, Divina Frau-Meigs and Ghayda Hassan, Youth and Violent Extremism on Social Media: Mapping the Research (Paris, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 2017). Available at http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0026/002603/260382e.pdf. See, for example, Beirich, “White homicide worldwide” (analysing the connection between membership in an online platform espousing ideologies of racial superiority, incitement to violence and actual violence against targeted groups); and Diep, “How social media helped organize and radicalize America’s white supremacists” (discussing the use of social media to coordinate a rally that included neo-Nazis and other hate groups and at which 1 person was killed and 19 others injured). Beirich, “White homicide worldwide”. Kusminder Chahal, Supporting Victims of Hate Crime: A Practitioner’s Guide (Bristol, Policy Press, 2016); Danielle Keats Citron and Helen L. Norton, “Intermediaries and hate speech: fostering digital citizenship for our information age”, Boston University Law Review, vol. 91 (2011), p. 1437; Travis Morris, “Networking vehement frames: neo-Nazi and violent jihadi demagoguery”, Behavioural Sciences of Terrorism and Political Aggression, vol. 6, No. 3 (2014), pp. 163–182, at pp. 163–171; and Linda M. Woolf and Michael R. Hulsizer, “Intra- and inter-religious hate and violence: a psychosocial model”, Journal of Hate Studies, vol. 2, No. 5 (2003), pp. 5–25. Bob Moser, “How YouTube became the worldwide leader in white supremacy”, New Republic, 21 August 2017. Available at https://newrepublic.com/article/144141/youtube-became-worldwideleader-white-supremacy. Brentin Mock, “Neo-Nazi groups share hate via YouTube”, Southern Poverty Law Center, 20 April 2007. Available at https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/ 2007/neo-nazi-groupsshare-hate-youtube.