A/69/340 and expressions of racism to an educational and cultural strategy and, in particular, to promoting the values of mutual respect and fair play over nationalism and commercialism that prevail in competitive sports (see A/62/306, para. 43). 13. In his interim report to the General Assembly in 2010, the newly appointed Special Rapporteur continued to address the issue of racism in sports, recalling that mass sports events offered valuable outreach platforms to mobilize people and convey crucial messages about equality and non-discrimination (A/65/295, para. 61). In 2012, the current mandate holder addressed the issue in his first report to the Human Rights Council (A/HRC/20/33, paras. 40-42). He recalled paragraph 86 of the Durban Programme of Action, which called upon States to counter ideologies that promoted racial hatred and racial discrimination, including by taking measures to combat the negative influence of such ideologies, especially on young people, through formal and non-formal education, the media and sport, as well as Human Rights Council resolution 13/27, entitled “A world of sports free from racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance”. He emphasized the importance of enhancing and establishing cooperation among States, intergovernmental organizations, inter national, regional and national sporting bodies and civil society to prevent racism, and recalled paragraph 218 of the Durban Programme of Action in which States were urged, in cooperation with such organizations and bodies, to intensify the fight against racism in sport by, among other things, educating the youth of the world through sport practised without discrimination of any kind and in the Olympic spirit, which requires human understanding, tolerance, fair play and solidarity. The Special Rapporteur expressed his continuing concern that, despite the immense potential of sport in promoting tolerance, racism in sport remained a serious problem. He noted that sport federations in some parts of the world had committed themselves to and often taken measures to punish and prevent racist incidents in sporting events, such as football, and proposed to bring attention to such good practices in a future report . 14. The Special Rapporteur would like to clarify that racism in sports is only one manifestation of discrimination and exclusion directed at persons and groups on the basis of their race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation or other characteristics . Only by redressing the historical legacies and imbalances of racism and discrimination and by constructing tolerant and inclusive societies can the root causes of racism and intolerance in sports be addressed. In the present report, the Special Rapporteur builds on past efforts, including the efforts of his predecessor. The report examines the progress made with regard to legal standard setting at the international, regional and national levels and highlights some key positive initiatives undertaken by various stakeholders. The Special Rapporteur seeks to provide an overview of the remaining challenges and some good practices in the fight against racism and discrimination in sports and, to this end, is grateful for the insights gained from studies carried out by various international and national human rights institutions as well as reports of sports federations and national Governments. B. Manifestations of racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in sports 15. Throughout history, team and individual competitions have been based on the principle of a level playing field, with individual and collective effort rather than 14-59616 5/21