E/2023/43 E/C.19/2023/7 43. The Permanent Forum calls upon the Conference of the Parties and the secretariat of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change to ensure that all reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation mechanism (REDD and REDD+) programmes and projects go through a full review, with the full and effective participation of Indigenous Peoples, to assess their validity. The parties to the Convention should adopt a grievance mechanism that allows Indigenous Peoples to identify and name non-State actors, corporations, United Nations entities, States and other organizations involved in setting up REDD programmes and projects that violate the rights of Indigenous Peoples. 44. The Permanent Forum again urges Member States to ensure that Indigenous Peoples are afforded full and effective participation in all planning and policy development to address climate change. Indigenous-led climate change policies incorporate the vital knowledge of Indigenous Peoples for land management and stewardship of natural resources while protecting health, equity, justice and sustainability. Principles of free, prior and informed consent must be followed in the development of all climate change policies and actions. 45. The Permanent Forum recognizes development of renewable energy sources but remains alarmed that irresponsible development related to green technology and the green transition, has led, at times, to violations of Indigenous Peoples’ rights, including mineral extraction and the building of hydroelectric dams and other large scale infrastructure without the free, prior and informed consent of Indigenous Peoples. The Permanent Forum recommends that Member States provide the resources necessary to develop and implement Indigenous Peoples’ own free, prior and informed consent protocols in such contexts. 46. The Permanent Forum is equally alarmed at the many testimonies from Indigenous Peoples on the establishment of protected areas and conservation measures without the free, prior and informed consent of Indigenous Peoples and the persistent violations of their human rights in the context of conservation. The Permanent Forum underlines that it is the responsibility of Member States and other actors to obtain free, prior and informed consent directly from Indigenous Peoples when developing policies and legislation pertaining to conservation measures and protected areas. Human rights dialogue with the Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous Peoples and the Expert Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (item 5 (d)) 47. The Permanent Forum is saddened to learn from the Special Rapporteur on the rights of Indigenous Peoples, Francisco Calí Tzay, that threats to Indigenous Peoples ’ rights have not become less severe over the previous year. The main areas of concern reported by the Special Rapporteur include the violation of the right to selfdetermination and self-government through a State practice of not recognizing the existence of Indigenous Peoples; the escalation of conflicts and the continued militarization of Indigenous Peoples’ ancestral lands; the development of mega-projects in Indigenous territories, including conservation projects and green economy projects, without their consent, leading to displacement, dispossession and violence; and systematic discrimination against Indigenous Peoples. 48. The Permanent Forum looks forward to reading the reports of his official country visits to Denmark and Greenland, in February 2023, and Canada, in March 2023. The Permanent Forum commends the Special Rapporteur for his activ ities in relation to cases on Indigenous Peoples at the inter-American human rights system through the presentation of amicus curiae briefs. The Permanent Forum welcomes forthcoming reports of the Special Rapporteur to the General Assembly on tourism 23-08492 11/24