A/78/162 26. Leisure tourism has led to the overdevelopment of lands in South -East Asia and caused the forced displacement of Indigenous Peoples, threatening fishing livelihoods and the cohesion of seashore communities and increasing prostitution of women and children. 47 In North America, Indigenous Peoples have raised issues over damage caused by campers and hikers leaving litter at sacred places. Tourism can also cause destruction and contamination of Indigenous lands, resources and water systems, damaging unique ecosystems and negatively affecting wildlife. 48 C. Rights to self-determination and participation 27. Indigenous Peoples’ experiences with the development of tourism activities on or near their lands are varied. While some see it as a threat to their way of life or very survival, others may wish to engage in the sector and promote a f orm of tourism that embraces their worldview and revitalizes their culture. In all cases, respect and promotion of their rights to participation and self -determination, including consent, is of paramount importance. 28. The exclusion of Indigenous Peoples from the management and control of tourism projects has led to the abandonment of agriculture practices, drug and alcohol addiction, the disruption of cultural practices and communal structures, and pollution of the environment. 49 29. In Africa, biodiversity conservation and safari projects may, at best, provide limited employment opportunities for Indigenous Persons that are often poorly paid, but the actual participation of Indigenous Peoples in the development of such projects and cases of co-management remain rare. The Batwa Trail, a tourist destination initiated by Ugandan Government authorities and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), educates tourists about Batwa culture and reportedly supports their social and economic development with proceeds from tourism. 50 Foreign legislation that limits or bans hunting tourism adopted without consultation with Indigenous Peoples is adversely affecting Indigenous communities in South Africa, where sustainable and regulated hunting tourism provides benefits used to improve community services such as electricity, water, health care and education. 51 30. In Greenland, tourism operators have been granted licences in Inuit territory without consulting Inuit fishermen and hunters or obtaining their free, prior and informed consent. As a result, Inuit families have been prevented from using their traditional lands and resources. Similarly, infrastructure projects, such as the Nuuk airport improvement, the Arctic Circle Road development and the construction of new hotels, were approved without consulting and obtaining the free, prior and informed consent of the Inuit (A/HRC/54/31/Add.1, para. 43). 31. In some countries, the principle of shared management of protected areas by both Indigenous Peoples and the Government has been enshrined in the Constitution, as was done in the 2009 Constitution of the Plurinational State of Bolivia. 52 However, in Latin America, there reportedly have been instances in which legislation has been passed to promote and develop sustainable Indigenous tourism as a priority, without consulting Indigenous Peoples. Tourism authorities have adopted measures to promote Indigenous tourism without considering the decision-making process of __________________ 47 48 49 50 51 52 10/25 Submission by ICCA Philippines. Submission by Assembly of First Nations. Submission by Guna-Dule Nation, Panama. See https://www.silverbackgorillatours.com/uganda/the-batwa-trail-and-cultural-experience. Oral intervention, Special Rapporteur consultation of 25 May 2023. Submission by the Plurinational State of Bolivia. 23-13642