74 LABOUR RIGHTS The supervisory system of the ILO often finds that those most subject to forced labour are ethnic minorities and indigenous and tribal peoples. Article 1(e) of Convention No. 105 places on state parties the explicit obligation to suppress and not to make use of any form of forced or compulsory labour. The Global Report 2001 on stopping forced labour under the follow-up to the 1998 Declaration, pointed out that the coincidence of traditional forms of slavery with ethnic divisions suggests a linkage between eliminating forced labour and eliminating discrimination in societies.9 Reports of forced labour on agricultural plantations in West Africa have included indications that children from particular ethnic groups are particularly affected. In the case of Myanmar, the burden of forced labour appears to be particularly great for non-Burmese ethnic groups and for the Muslim minority.10 Child labour Child labour affects minority groups and indigenous peoples to a greater extent than the majority of the population. In northern Europe, child labourers are likely to be of African or Turkish origin; in Canada, they tend to be of Asian decent; and in Brazil, from indigenous groups.11 Child labour practices perpetuate poverty and inequality along ethnic lines by denying children from vulnerable groups the opportunity to acquire the capabilities needed in productive life. This link has been reaffirmed recently in the Durban Declaration and Programme of Action.12 The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child contains a prohibition of economic exploitation of all children (Art. 32). The ILO Minimum Age Convention, 1973 (No. 138) and the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182), provide for the elimination of child labour in respect to all persons. Recommendation No. 146, paragraph 2(c), provides that policies for the elimination of child labour should include the development and progressive extension of social security and family welfare measures. Paragraph 3 of Recommendation No. 146 calls for particular attention to the needs of migrant children. Article 7(d) of Convention No. 182 requires effective measures to identify and reach out to children at special risk. Article 6 of Convention No. 182 provides that programmes of action to eliminate child labour shall be designed and implemented, taking into consideration the views of concerned groups. Recommendation No. 190, paragraph 2, recommends that such programmes of action should be designed and implemented in consultation with concerned groups. They should also aim at identifying and working with communities where children are at special risk and at informing and mobilizing concerned groups. It appears that organizations of minorities and/or those representing their interests would qualify as ‘concerned groups’ and that ‘communities’ includes indigenous or tribal communities or other minority communities.13