E/CN.4/1996/72/Add.1 page 21 (c) The Government of the State of São Paulo established a police division specialized in racial crimes, which started functioning in June 1993, following the successful experience of the police divisions specialized in women; (d) The Government of the State of Rio de Janeiro created, in September 1994, a police division specialized in racial discrimination. The States of Bahia and São Paulo have also created councils for the participation and development of the Black communities to enable them to design and implement economic and social projects meeting their needs. D. Constitutional guarantees relating to Indian lands 70. Concerning indigenous populations, the Federal Constitution of 1988 dedicated to them a specific chapter (Part VIII, chap. VIII), besides addressing the matter in several other constitutional provisions. The Union has the power to demarcate indigenous lands and to protect their goods, and also to legislate on indigenous rights. Disputes involving those rights are to be considered by federal judges, the Office of the Attorney-General having the duty to defend in court the rights and interests of the indigenous populations. It is worth mentioning too Law 5371/67, which established the National Indian Foundation (FUNAI) and Law 601/73, which established the Statute for the Indian. V. INITIATIVES BY CIVIL SOCIETY 71. The fact that allowances are made for the specific needs of Indians and Blacks in the Constitution and in legislation is due to the political and social action of numerous community and non-community associations which have recovered their voice as a result of the coming of democracy. 72. Organizations such as the Movimento Negro Unificado are trying to raise the political awareness of Afro-Brazilians in order to improve their participation and their political representation. Numerous cultural associations, many of which are linked to the terreiros candomblé, macumba and umbanda - in particular Olodum and Ilê Aiyê (in Salvador da Bahia), Bambarê (in Belém), the Centro de Estudios e Defesa do Pará (CEDENPA), the Sociedade Ilê Asipa (Salvador da Bahia) are endeavouring, with very limited resources, to restore the pride of the Blacks by teaching them their history and their culture, and by providing children with a modern education in the schools they set up. Others are especially concerned with the advancement of Afro-Brazilian women (the Geledes in São Paulo); with street children (the Centro de Articulaçaoes de Populaçaoes Marginalizadas in Rio de Janeiro); the Casa Viva of Father Julio Renato Lancelotti which takes in children with AIDS in São Paulo and which the Special Rapporteur made a point of visiting; its remarkable work deserves encouragement. Mention must also be made of the Grupo Mulher e Educaçao Indigena (GRUMIN) of Rio de Janeiro for its activities on behalf of Indian women. Lastly, there is the National Human Rights Movement based in Brasilia and represented throughout the Federation which is opposed to violence in all its forms and vigilantly monitors respect for human rights by the organs of the State.