A/76/202 I. Introduction 1. The present report is submitted by the Special Rapporteur on the rights of indigenous peoples, José Francisco Calí Tzay, pursuant to Human Rights Council resolution 42/20. He considers herein the situation of indigenous peoples living in urban areas, the specific causes and consequences of urbanization and the initiatives undertaken by indigenous peoples and States to ensure that the rights and specific needs of indigenous peoples are addressed. He concludes by recommending greater accountability for State and non-State actors in order to remove existing obstacles and urges States to adopt positive measures, including legislation, policies and programmes, that provide collective protection mechanism s for indigenous peoples living in urban areas. II. Activities of the Special Rapporteur 2. The Special Rapporteur remained unable to conclude the official visits to Denmark and Greenland started by his predecessor in 2020, given the health situation. He participated in numerous webinars and virtual events on the rights of indigenous peoples and maintained collaboration with United Nations entities and regional human rights bodies, including by serving as a panellist for a seminar by the Expe rt Mechanism on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples on the rights of the indigenous child. He maintained engagement with United Nations agencies and participated in webinars by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), the International Labour Organization (ILO) and the United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) on the impact of the coronavirus disease (COVID -19) pandemic and how to strengthen the inclusion of indigenous peoples in recovery measures. He was a keynote speaker at events relating to racism and discrimination organized by UNESCO and the World Health Organization. III. Indigenous peoples living in urban areas 3. A significant number of the world’s indigenous peoples live in urban environments, and there is a need to tackle issues of poverty, racism, racial discrimination and marginalization and to strengthen support for those peoples. Urban migration may occur when indigenous peoples move to urban areas in search of employment and education opportunities, but so too as a result of forced evictions, land dispossession, militarization or environmental degradation and natural disasters exacerbated by climate change. 4. Indigenous peoples living in urban areas continue to experience the legacy of colonization and intergenerational trauma and face a unique set of challenges to their sense of identity, culture and connection to lands and resources. The Special Rapporteur examines herein the drivers of migration to urban areas, including the impact on indigenous peoples who occupy traditional territories that have transformed into metropolitan areas over time. He assesses the challenges and opportunities arising from the process of urbanization and highlights examples of good practices whereby indigenous peoples and States seek to address the needs of indigenous peoples living in urban areas and guarantee their effective enjoyment of their individual and collective rights, as provided for in international human rights law, in particular the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. 5. In the preparation of the present report, a virtual consultation was held, for which more than 300 participants registered, and a call for input gathered 72 written submissions. The Special Rapporteur also draws on the o bservations of previous 4/20 21-10081