A/74/358 of democratic societies that are resilient to extremist ideologies, including antisemitic propaganda, by fostering critical thinking, empathy and human rights literacy among self-reflective citizens with the requisite proficiency and confidence to peacefully and collectively reject antisemitism and other forms of intolerance and discrimination. It also requires investments in education and training to enhance society-wide literacy with regard to the different ways in which antisemitism manifests itself. A. States and political actors 75. The primary responsibility for addressing acts of intolerance and discrimination rests with States, including their political representatives. As such, States must also foster freedom of religion or belief and pluralism by promoting the ability of members of all religious communities to manifest their right to freedom of religion or belief, and to contribute to society openly and on an equal footing. 76. Governments must also acknowledge that antisemitism poses a threat to stability and security and that antisemitic incidents require prompt, unequivocal responses from leaders. Such responses should be based on the recognition that the commission of antisemitic hate crimes engages the obligation of the State under international human rights law to protect Jews against the violation of their fundamental rights. States must also invest in preventive security measures, compliant with international human rights law, to deter antisemitic hate crimes. They must also recognize that they have an affirmative responsib ility to address online antisemitism, as the digital sphere is now the primary public forum and marketplace for ideas. 77. States should enact and enforce hate crime legislation that recognizes antisemitism as a prohibited bias motivation and that is clear, concrete and easy to understand. States should put systems, routines and training in place to ensure that relevant officials recognize antisemitic hate crimes and record them as such. While recalling that racist and religious intolerance, including antisemitism, are commonly expressed through coded expressions, it is recommended that a clear set of indicators for identifying bias motivation be employed in law enforcement. As a result of coded expressions and the continuing reinvention of new forms of antisemitic speech and action, such indicators would not in themselves be allencompassing or prove that an incident was a hate crime. However, where an antisemitic crime is established in line with the criteria set out under international law, there must be recourse to remedy for victims of such hate crimes. 78. The Special Rapporteur recognizes that the working definition of antisemitism developed by the International Holocaust Remembrance Alliance can offer valuable guidance for identifying antisemitism in its various forms and therefore encourages States to adopt it for use in education and awarenessraising and for monitoring and responding to manifestations of antisemitism. The Special Rapporteur recommends its use as a critical non-legal educational tool that should be applied in line with guidance provided in the Rabat Plan of Action, in general comment No. 34 (2011) of the Human Rights Committee and in general recommendation No. 35 (2013) of the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination. In this regard, the Special Rapporteur notes that criticism of the Government of Israel is not per se antisemitic, as stated in the working definition, unless it is accompanied by manifestations of hatred towards Jews in general or by expressions that build on traditional antisemitic stereotypes. 19-16257 21/23