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(paid to the State), and findings of violations can be made public. The ETA does not have
authority, for example, to require a violating employer to hire a person who has been
discriminated against, or to impose punitive damages. It is the stated desire of the ETA to
achieve friendly settlements between parties.
B. International standards
17.
In 1995 Hungary ratified two key documents of the Council of Europe regarding minority
protection: the Framework Convention on the Protection of National Minorities, and the
European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. Hungary has ratified the 1961 European
Social Charter and several of its protocols, but it has not yet agreed to be bound by the Revised
European Social Charter of 1996 and has also not ratified the additional protocol making
possible collective complaints under the Charter mechanism. This is of particular concern, given
the serious problems faced by the Roma minority in a number of Charter areas.
18.
Of particular relevance to minorities, Hungary has ratified the International Covenant on
Civil and Political Rights, the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the International Covenant
on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, the International Convention on the Elimination of All
Forms of Racial Discrimination, and the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination
against Women. Hungary is obligated to report on a regular basis to the relevant monitoring
bodies, and has a good record of reporting.
III. THE GENERAL SITUATION OF MINORITIES AND FUNCTIONING
OF THE SYSTEM OF MINORITY SELF-GOVERNMENT
19.
According to data of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office, the social indicators of 12
out of the 13 officially recognized minority communities (Armenian, Bulgarian, Croatian,
German, Greek, Polish, Romanian, Ruthenian, Serbian, Slovak, Slovenian and Ukrainian) are
similar to those of the majority population. The Government considers therefore that, from a
socio-economic viewpoint, the effective integration of these 12 minorities in Hungary is
complete.
20.
With regard to the preservation and promotion of cultural and language identity, the
system of minority self-government provides minorities with finance to achieve a high degree of
cultural autonomy in some cases. Meetings between the Independent Expert and Presidents of
the Slovak and Croatian minority self-governments, together with a visit to a German minority
community, demonstrated that the system offers significant benefits for some minorities in the
development of cultural institutions and services, and the teaching and preservation of minority
languages.
21.
Funding based on a tender system has provided essential grants to assist in establishing
such facilities as libraries, museums and heritage centres, theatres, research and educational
institutions, and media and publishing outlets, and to engage in activities of a cultural nature, for
example youth camps and exhibitions. Problems have been encountered due to the high level of
financial and administrative dependence of local self-governments upon the national “parent”
bodies, and an inadequate basis for allocation of funds, leaving some unable to function
effectively. However, recent amendments to the funding system should allow a budget
allocation for all local minority self-governments based on a number of established criteria.