A/HRC/14/43 Government outside of an electoral or constitutionally sanctioned process or instances where the military is deployed internally to act against civilians. During a conflict 71. Hate speech based on racist ideology tends to create a culture of victimization and to dehumanize certain categories of persons believed to be less equal. In situations of conflict, victimization and dehumanization may become effective tools to incite people to commit acts of violence, including killings, against specific individuals and groups of individuals. The Special Rapporteur therefore calls upon States parties to the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination and to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights to fully comply with their international obligations, in particular with article 4 of the former and article 20 of the latter, and recalls that such obligations remain applicable in times of conflict. After a conflict 72. Post-conflict situations often breed fragility, fear and mistrust. In order to ensure lasting and sustainable peace and reconciliation, it is essential to ensure that the root cases of a conflict be appropriately addressed to avoid the resurgence of tensions and violence. The Special Rapporteur therefore recommends that human rights, including issues related to racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance, be systematically and fully integrated in all peace processes, in particular in peace agreements and mandates establishing United Nations missions. In addition, he recommends that the impact on human rights of all measures taken in the framework of peace processes be thoroughly assessed. 73. Addressing racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance in an adequate manner contributes to the success of the peace process following a conflict. Thus, the Special Rapporteur recommends that relevant stakeholders, in particular States and the international community, acknowledge and address the ethnic or racial dimensions of ethnic conflicts. Doing so will help to frame appropriate solutions to the conflict and establish a clear mandate for those in charge of monitoring or contributing to the implementation of related peace agreements. 74. The Special Rapporteur recommends that human rights violations committed during a conflict, including racial discrimination, be recognized and addressed adequately in order to ensure sustainable peace. In particular, it is of utmost importance to give prominent attention to the suffering of victims to allow for genuine reconciliation. 75. Given the volatility of a post-conflict situation, the Special Rapporteur recommends that relevant stakeholders remain vigilant vis-à-vis renewed incitement to violence or hatred, in particular with regard to the adverse consequences of hate speech based on racist ideology. 76. In order to avoid the resurgence of tensions, the Special Rapporteur recommends that, following a conflict, the participation of all stakeholders, including in any dialogue, be strongly encouraged and supported in order to consolidate the often fragile peace existing in a post-conflict situation. In this regard, it is of utmost importance to persuade the “winner” of the conflict, if any, about the necessity for the peace process to be as participatory and open as possible. Consolidating democracy, the rule of law and democratic governance are essential in order to reconstitute the fabric of society on solid grounds. Should that not be the case, tensions may arise and lay the ground for racism, racial discrimination, xenophobia and related intolerance to become deeply entrenched within society. 20 GE.10-12566