A/HRC/14/43 access to economic, social and cultural rights for all individuals within the State’s territory and subject to its jurisdiction. In this regard, he recommends that State actors take all necessary measures to prevent, prohibit, sanction and offer compensation for socio-economic discriminatory practices targeting certain groups of individuals. While legislative measures are indispensable to counter socio-economic discrimination, affirmative action, education, effective administration of justice and the existence of accessible and effective remedies are also needed to complement legislative measures. 68. Political manipulation of racist or nationalist ideology fosters ethnic enmity and is therefore a significant factor contributing to the triggering of conflict. The effectiveness of such political manipulation depends however on a number of structural conditions, such as unmet human development needs, the socio-economic deprivation of some groups relative to others and the absence or weakness of the rule of law and democratic structures. The degree of representativeness of all groups of the population in political institutions and the role of the media are also essential in this regard. Therefore the Special Rapporteur recommends that State actors ensure that minorities are adequately represented in all areas of public life, including in State institutions. He also cautions against the concentration of media ownership by the State and recommends that the media, when reporting on different groups, do so in a way that fosters a better understanding of the groups. He strongly calls upon the media to disengage from negative stereotypes of individuals and groups and incitement to hatred. 69. The Special Rapporteur is conscious that other issues may also contribute to the triggering of conflict. As such, he refers to the list of key indicators developed by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD/C/67/1) in order to assess the existence of factors known to be important components of situations leading to conflict and genocide. Such indicators have to a certain extent been addressed in this report and include, inter alia, the systematic exclusion — in law or in fact — of groups from positions of power, employment in State institutions and key professions such as teaching, the judiciary and the police; grossly biased versions of historical events in school textbooks and other educational materials as well as the celebration of historical events that exacerbate tensions between groups and peoples; systematic and widespread use and acceptance of speech or propaganda promoting hatred and/or inciting violence against minority groups, particularly in the media; and significant disparities in socio-economic indicators evidencing a pattern of serious racial discrimination. 70. In addition, the Special Rapporteur also refers to the Analysis Framework of the Special Adviser of the Secretary-General on the Prevention of Genocide.22 The Framework may be used as a guide to monitor and assess the risk of genocide in any given situation. Issues to be analysed in order to determine such a risk include, inter alia, inter-group relations, including records of discrimination and/or other human rights violations committed against a group; circumstances that affect the capacity to prevent genocide, such as the absence of an independent judiciary or an independent media; acts which serve to encourage divisions between national, racial, ethnic and religious groups; circumstances that facilitate the perpetration of genocide, such as the sudden increase in inflammatory rhetoric or hate propaganda, especially by leaders, that sets a tone of impunity; and triggering factors such as a change of 22 GE.10-12566 See footnote 5 above. 19