E/CN.4/2005/85/Add.4 page 7 19. Officials of the Ministry of the Economy and Finance and the head of the Balance of Payments Department of the Central Reserve Bank mentioned the importance of remittances from Peruvian migrant workers. The Central Bank Supervisory Board expected remittances from migrant workers in 2004 to amount to US$ 1,100 million. During the first half of the year, US$ 500 million had been received, half of it from the United States. No Peruvian industry could generate that amount of money, which represents a significant contribution to Peru’s balance of payments. 20. The Special Rapporteur has borne in mind in her work the rural exodus and the internal displacement which have had a huge impact on the rural population of Peru since the early 1980s. The NGOs that helped plan her visit were of the view that the situation of persons displaced internally by the domestic armed conflict between 1980 and 2000 needed to be considered in order to understand Peruvian emigration. The Special Rapporteur observed, however, that the resources of this vulnerable group were so limited that they could not even consider the possibility of emigrating. The majority of this displaced population is concentrated in shanty towns around Lima, which are also the very poorest districts, with poor education and health services and no access to adequate housing. The Special Rapporteur drew attention to the risks involved when so many internally displaced persons, and in some cases their children, had no identity documents. A. The dynamics of migration at borders Peruvian-Ecuadorian border 21. The increase in the unemployment rate in northern Peru, Ecuador’s conversion to a dollar economy and the gradual depopulation of rural areas in Ecuador would appear to be behind the recent migratory pressures at this border. 22. The Migration Office in Tumbes explained to the Special Rapporteur that the transit of persons at this border was regulated by the 1998 Extended Agreement on Integration, Development and Residence.5 The nearest border crossing after Tumbes is Aguas Verdes (Peru)-Huaquillas (Ecuador), where there is a border integration zone stretching 5 km into Ecuadorian territory, to the Zarumilla canal, and 3 km into Peruvian territory.6 Nationals of both countries can enter the zone on production of their national identity document. Both nationalities require an Andean migration card7 to travel beyond the border checks located at either end of the zone. According to the Migration Office, the zone generates a floating population of some 30,000 individuals, which distorts the data on movements of persons. Peruvian migrant workers cross the border with their identity document and migration card but the majority do not have work permits. Some buy and sell essential goods during the day and others go to the neighbouring country for seasonal farm work. 23. The Director of the Migration Office in Tumbes said that the Ecuadorian authorities had expelled or deported 881 Peruvian citizens between January and July 2004. He expressed concern about a series of incidents on the other side of the border in which Ecuadorian employers apparently reported the irregular administrative situation of their own Peruvian workers to the competent Ecuadorian authorities in order not to have to pay daily wages. There