32. The Government of Canada continues to support a diverse range of programs and activities to foster the full participation and integration of Canadians from ethnic, racial, and religious backgrounds into Canadian society, and to ensure that they all receive the protections of equality under the law that is their right under the Constitution and their patrimony as Canadians. 33. In Canada, minorities have access to the same programs and services as all Canadians. They are guaranteed both equality before and under the law, and equal benefit and protection of the law regardless of their origins. Canadian multiculturalism recognizes the potential of all Canadians, and encourages them to integrate into society and take an active part in its social, cultural, economic and political affairs. Policing 34. Canada recognizes that policing is most effective when the public has confidence in its police. This is achieved by holding police officers accountable for their actions. In jurisdictions across Canada, mechanisms are in place to strengthen police accountability. A police officer’s actions can be reviewed by: an internal professional standards units, an external complaints investigations body following a complaint, and/or a criminal investigation by a special investigations unit or separate police service. 35. Racial profiling is not condoned in Canada. The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and the Canadian Human Rights Act prohibit discrimination of this nature in government activities and services. Public safety organizations are guided by clear principles that address the unacceptable nature of discrimination or profiling. These organizations offer ongoing training to their officials, perform community outreach, and are committed to investigating and responding to any concerns and complaints in relation to alleged racial profiling. 36. Training is an important component of how Canada operationalizes its human rightsbased approach to public safety. Canada’s officials receive training throughout their careers on the legal framework that governs their respective operations, including Canada’s constitutional protections and the provisions of the relevant international human rights treaties. Canadian police, border, and intelligence officers also learn about cultural diversity and undertaking their duties free from bias. For example:  The Royal Canadian Mounted Police’s (RCMP) Cadet Training includes 18.5 hours of learning on diversity, prejudice, discrimination, ethics, human rights, and relevant legislation.  The RCMP also has a Bias-Free Policing policy, to which all members of the police service must adhere. It requires equitable treatment of all persons by all RCMP employees in the performance of their duties regardless of an individual’s race, national or ethnic origin, colour, religion or gender. 8