CONTENTS Illustrations 1: Historical Background of ICERD 1 2: Racial discrimination exists in every country 2 3: Common victims of racial discrimination – vulnerable groups 2 4: Caste discrimination 3 5: A system with a discriminatory effect – de facto discrimination 4 6: De facto discrimination against students of foreign origin 5 7: A case of non-discrimination 5 8: Special Measures: CERD’s concluding observation on Colombia (2009) 6 9: Religion and racial discrimination 7 10: Racial incitement or freedom of expression 9 11: CERD’s action in a case without any violation of ICERD (Individual Communication) 19 12: CERD’s decision on an inadmissible case (Individual Communication) 19 13: CERD’s decision on the New Zealand Foreshore and Seabed Act 2004 (Early Waning and Urgent Action procedure) 22 14: Case of Australian NGO Coalition: Before the consideration of the State report 29 15: Experience of Australian NGO Coalition: activities in Geneva 31 16: Experience of Japanese NGOs: Follow-up 33 iv ICERD & CERD: A GUIDE FOR CIVIL SOCIETY ACTORS