A/HRC/31/56 slavery is also reported to affect black African communities there.61 Despite slavery being formally abolished and a recent anti-slavery bill passed in August 2015, the practice reportedly remains widespread, affecting predominantly the Haratine.62 According to some estimates, 50 per cent of the Haratine community is subjected to de facto slavery through domestic servitude and bonded or forced labour; 90 per cent of those affected are women.63 2. Right to housing and right to water and sanitation 79. Reports indicate that caste-affected communities face discrimination in accessing adequate housing and housing segregation.64 They may be forced to live on the outskirts of towns, or in segregated colonies or informal settlements,65 and may also be subject to forced evictions and displacement.66 80. As highlighted by the Special Rapporteur on the human right to safe drinking water and sanitation, stigma associated with caste manifests, inter alia, in lack of access to drinking water and sanitation facilities and in restricted access to shared or common water and sanitation facilities.67 81. In Yemen, the Muhamasheen mainly reside in underdeveloped neighbourhoods on the outskirts of the capital.68 More than half of their households rely on external water sources such as dams, streams or wells; only two out of five households have latrines. 69 82. In Bangladesh70 and India,71 Dalits are often systematically excluded from access to water and sanitation. Reports indicate that Dalits may be prohibited from fetching water; have to wait in different queues when accessing wells; and, in the event of water shortage, must give non-Dalits priority. Dalits may be subjected to large-scale violence and physical attacks by members of the dominant caste when attempting to access facilities in areas inhabited by them.72 Dalit women are particularly vulnerable to physical violence from members of the dominant castes while collecting water from public wells and taps. 73 3. Right to health 83. Studies in South Asia demonstrate patterns of discriminatory behaviour against individuals from lower castes, particularly in health care, including denial of or restrictions on services, lack of treatment and longer waiting periods. Health-care providers spend less 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 16 See A/HRC/15/20/Add.2, paras. 9-12; and A/HRC/26/49/Add.1, para. 7. Anti-Slavery International and others, Enforcing Mauritania’s Anti-Slavery Legislation: The Continued Failure of the Justice System to Prevent, Protect and Punish (2015), pp. 3-6. Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization, alternative report submitted to the Human Rights Committee at its 107th session during the consideration of the first periodic report of Mauritania (2013), p. 4. See, inter alia, E/C.12/NPL/CO/3, para. 11, and CERD/C/JPN/CO/3-6, para. 19. See A/HRC/22/46, para. 11. See E/C.12/IND/CO/5, para. 31. See A/HRC/21/42, para. 36. See A/HRC/30/31, para. 77. United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) Yemen situation report: Muhamasheen mapping update (2015), p. 2. See A/HRC/15/55 and Corr.1, para. 76. Rashtriya Garima Abhiyan and others, “Violations of the right to water and sanitation” (2014), p. 11. See A/HRC/21/42, para. 36. Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights and Navsarjan Trust, “Understanding untouchability, a comprehensive study of practices and conditions in 1589 villages” (2010), p. 19.