A/HRC/20/24 circumstances of the individual, such as their family situation, residential situation, employment situation and financial means. A requirement to report frequently in person may amount to a limitation on an individual‟s right to freedom of movement. A requirement to report daily or to travel excessive distances for reporting purposes could interfere with work or other obligations, and therefore not be proportionate to the objectives. 61. Case management/supervised release is a strategy for supporting and managing individuals while their status is being resolved, with a focus on informed decision-making, timely and fair status resolution and improved coping mechanisms and well-being on the part of individuals. Case managers establish personal rapports with migrants and may answer legal questions, explore opportunities for legal stay, provide access to a lawyer if requested, provide up-to-date information on the status of the immigration case, help solve logistical issues, etc. Case management generally comprises three types of alternatives: supervision by community organizations and NGOs; a joint programme between the Government and NGOs; or Government-administered alternatives. Case management may be done in conjunction with other measures, such as reporting requirements or bail. Migrants should be able to report to a competent authority, without fear of reprisal, any discriminatory, arbitrary or otherwise abusive conduct by State or non-State actors in the course of providing supervision of their release. 62. Designated residence usually entails either housing persons in communal houses and apartments, or directing them to live in a certain region or district within the country. Prior approval may be needed to change address or move out of the administrative region. This measure is sometimes used to share the “burden” of receiving immigrants between different regions of a given country. Sometimes a designated residence may be in an isolated area, and it is important to ensure that the location of the designated residence allows the persons involved to access health-care services, education and legal assistance, and employment opportunities where appropriate. Furthermore, the use of designated residence may undermine the freedom of movement of the migrants concerned and should therefore be used with caution. 63. Electronic monitoring usually involves an ankle or wrist bracelet keeping track of a person‟s movements. This measure can be particularly intrusive, and may violate the right to freedom of movement provided by article 12 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Furthermore, the stigmatizing and negative psychological effects of the electronic monitoring are likely to be disproportionate to the benefits of such monitoring. It should therefore only be used after a careful assessment of the extent to which the specific measure will restrict the human rights of the individual, as well as its proportionality and necessity to fulfil a legitimate objective. Another problem with electronic monitoring is that it is difficult, if not impossible, for migrants without a permanent residence to benefit from this alternative to detention. If those who cannot comply with electronic monitoring requirements end up being detained, this measure could be discriminatory. If electronic monitoring is linked to other restrictions, such as a requirement to remain at home for most of the day, such restrictions might amount to house arrest, which could be seen as equivalent to detention. 64. Home curfew/house arrest is a particularly intrusive measure and may amount to an alternative form of detention rather than an alternative to detention. House arrest should therefore only be applied in exceptional cases. House arrest may make it difficult, if not impossible, for the migrant to work and thus maintain an adequate standard of living, unless he or she receives State support. In its deliberation No. 1, the Working Group on Arbitrary Detention stated that house arrest may be compared to deprivation of liberty provided that it is carried out in closed premises which the person is not allowed to leave. 16