A/HRC/62/56 47. Digital platforms now function not only as channels for dissemination but also as integrated ecosystems for recruitment, training and coordination. The intensifying migration of neo-Nazi and other extremist content into algorithmically driven digital platforms has enabled the wide dissemination of extremist material, significantly expanding recruitment potential beyond traditional far-right ecosystems.18 Encrypted messaging services, in particular, have enabled extremist groups to operate with increased secrecy, complicating monitoring and accountability efforts. In this regard, the so-called “NazTok” ecosystem has been identified as an organized network operating on the platform TikTok, reportedly generating millions of views. Research indicates that pro-Nazi content on such platforms has reached tens of millions of views, including material promoting Holocaust denial, the glorification of Nazi leadership and ideology, and the endorsement or replication of racially motivated acts of mass violence.19 Disinformation and generative artificial intelligence 48. Of particular concern to the Special Rapporteur is the growing use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) by extremist actors. The Special Rapporteur notes research indicating the deployment of AI tools to produce propaganda at scale, including synthetic audio, manipulated images and disinformation materials. These technologies enable the rapid and sophisticated production of extremist content, often exceeding the capacity of existing moderation systems.20 GNET's January 2025 analysis of 38 white supremacist Telegram channels found documented use of AI across multiple propaganda categories: AI restoration and translation of Hitler speeches, AI-generated songs promoting white supremacist beliefs, and AI-generated image manipulation designed to produce disinformation at a quality level substantially exceeding previous hand-crafted material. 49. Such AI-generated content has begun to appear in offline contexts, including public advertising spaces, demonstrating the convergence between digital and physical propaganda environments. The Special Rapporteur is concerned that the scale and speed of AI-driven content production may significantly outpace current regulatory and enforcement frameworks. 50. The convergence of hate speech, disinformation and violent radicalization, further worsened by generative AI, represents a critical human rights concern. The construction of perceived “internal enemies,” including migrants, religious minorities and other vulnerable groups, is frequently embedded within broader narratives aimed at mobilizing hostility and legitimizing violence. The Special Rapporteur underscores the risk that sustained exposure to such online environments, including disinformation produced by generative AI, particularly among youth, may facilitate pathways from ideological adherence to violent action. Coded language and symbolic communication 51. The use of coded language and symbolic communication remains a defining feature of contemporary extremist discourse. Numeric codes, visual symbols and indirect references are widely employed to normalize extremist ideologies, facilitate recruitment, facilitate identity formation and evade platform regulation. These tactics are increasingly integrated into mainstream digital culture, including memes and short-form video content. Examples include the use of numerical codes such as “88,” which is widely understood within extremist 18 19 20 A/C.3/73/L.53/Rev.1. Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), “NazTok: An Organized Neo-Nazi TikTok Network Is Getting Millions of Views,” Digital Dispatches, July 29, 2024, https://www.isdglobal.org/digitaldispatch/naztok-an-organized-neo-nazi-tiktok-network-is-getting-millions-of-views/. Georgia Lala, “From Confusion to Extremism: How Deepfakes Facilitate Radicalisation”, Global Network on Extremism and Technology (GNET), 11 February 2026. Available at https://gnetresearch.org/2026/02/11/from-confusion-to-extremism-how-deepfakes-facilitate-radicalisation. (gnetresearch.org). 11