E/CN.4/1996/72/Add.4 page 5 12. This category breaks down as follows: Africans 7.0 per cent Afro-Caribbeans 22.5 per cent Bangladeshis 5.4 per cent Indians 27.9 per cent Pakistanis 15.8 per cent Chinese 5.2 per cent Other Asians 6.6 per cent Others 9.6 per cent 13. Blacks live primarily in the urban and industrial areas of Greater London (20.2 per cent of the population), Birmingham, Manchester and Liverpool. 14. After the Second World War, the United Kingdom encouraged the inhabitants of its colonies or former colonies in southern Asia, Africa and the Caribbean to immigrate in order to replace the large numbers of its own able-bodied population who had died during the war. These early immigrants were recruited into heavy industry, construction, transport (bus, train and underground drivers) and the health field (nurses). The immigration of such persons was facilitated by the passage, in 1948, of the Nationality Act, which conferred British citizenship on His Majesty's colonial subjects and nationals of the Commonwealth. This explains the special situation of British minorities in Europe; although they experience racial discrimination in various forms, they enjoy civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights and can assert those rights through political action. 15. Jews are considered as Whites and form a community consisting of an estimated 300,000 people, most of whom live in London (200,000) and Manchester (30,000). The remainder live in Liverpool, Leeds and Glasgow. II. EXAMPLES OF CONTEMPORARY FORMS OF RACISM, RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, XENOPHOBIA AND RELATED INTOLERANCE A. Preliminary observations 16. The Government of the United Kingdom acknowledges the existence of problems and is trying to overcome them through legislative and administrative measures designed to eliminate economic and social disparities between the White majority and the ethnic minorities. Government action is supplemented by that of local communities, Churches, trade unions and numerous non-governmental associations and organizations.