A/HRC/4/9 page 10 33. For example, in India, the literacy rate of women from scheduled tribes in rural communities was only 16 per cent in 1991 and for scheduled castes the rate was 24 per cent; this is in comparison with a national average for women of 39 per cent.8 34. Survey data collected in the 1990s in 11 sub-Saharan African countries showed particularly striking results for Kenya, where the likelihood of mortality for Kikuyu (Kenya’s most populous ethnic group) infants was 65 per cent lower than for children of other ethnic groups and 74 per cent lower for children under 5.9 35. In the United States, 21 per cent of Hispanic children were not covered by health insurance (public and private) compared with 7 per cent of white non-Hispanic children; 12 per cent of Asian and Pacific Islander children; and 14 per cent of African American children also had no health insurance (figures from 2003).10 36. In South-East Europe, “three quarters of Roma women do not complete primary education (compared with one in five women from majority communities) and almost a third is illiterate (compared with 1 in 20 women from majority communities)”. 11 37. Only 13 per cent of children in Africa have access to primary education in their mother tongue compared to 62 per cent of children with this access in East Asia and the Pacific, a region with an even higher diversity of languages than Africa.12 38. The figures for minorities are not always worse. In Britain, 75 per cent of British Indians are in full-time education at age 18 compared to 42 per cent of the population as a whole.13 In Malaysia, ethnic Chinese constitute 3 per cent of the population but control about 70 per cent of the private economy.14 The negative trend, however, is clear. Even in cases where minorities may be advantaged in one sphere they may continue to face exclusion in the social or political spheres that may affect their human rights and human development. 8 UNDP, Human Development Report 2000 (New York, NY: UNDP, 2000): p. 110. 9 Chronic Poverty Research Centre, Chronic Poverty Report 2004-05 (Manchester, UK: Chronic Poverty Research Centre, 2005): p. 19. 10 Growing up in North America: Child Well-Being in Canada, the United States and Mexico (Baltimore, MD, USA: Canadian Council on Social Development, Annie E. Casey Foundation in the US, and Red por los derechos de la infancia en México, 2006): pp. 26-27. 11 Andrey Ivanov et al., At Risk: Roma and the Displaced in Southeast Europe (Bratislava: UNDP Regional Bureau for Europe and the CIS, 2006): p. 27. 12 UNDP, Human Development Report 2004 (New York, NY: UNDP 2004): p. 34, Figure 2.4. 13 Parallel Lives: Poverty Among Ethnic Minority Groups in Britain, see supra note 3. 14 Supra note 12, Human Development Report 2004, p. 29.