A/HRC/24/41 agreements with indigenous peoples. These conditions point to models of partnership with indigenous peoples that are respectful of their rights. A. Establishment of State regulatory regimes that adequately protect indigenous peoples’ rights 44. As stressed above, States are obligated not just to respect, but also to protect, promote and fulfil human rights, and this obligation applies with respect to the rights of indigenous peoples (para. 12). In the context of extractive industries, the State’s obligation to protect human rights necessarily entails ensuring a regulatory framework that fully recognizes indigenous peoples’ rights over lands and natural resources and other rights that may be affected by extractive operations; that mandates respect for those rights both in all relevant State administrative decision-making and in the behaviour of extractive companies; and that provides effective sanctions and remedies when those rights are infringed either by government or corporate actors. Such a regulatory framework requires legislation or regulations that incorporate international standards of indigenous rights and that operationalize them through the various components of State administration that govern land tenure, mining, oil and gas, and other natural resource extraction or development. 45. In examining relevant State laws and regulations across the globe, the Special Rapporteur has found deficient regulatory frameworks, such that in many respects indigenous peoples’ rights remain inadequately protected, and in all too many cases entirely unprotected, in the face of extractive industries. Experience shows that, with such regulatory deficiencies, extractive operations in proximity to indigenous peoples are likely to put at risk or infringe their rights and contribute to persistently conflictive social environments. 46. Legislative and administrative reforms are needed in virtually all countries in which indigenous peoples live, in order to adequately define and protect their rights over lands and resources, including rights over lands not exclusively under their use or possession, such as rights related to subsistence practices or to areas of cultural or religious significance, which may be affected by extractive industries. Additionally, new or strengthened regulatory mechanisms are needed to provide for consultations with indigenous peoples over extractive projects and to ensure that such consultations are in compliance with international standards, including the principle of free, prior and informed consent. B. Regulation of extraterritorial activities of companies 47. The Special Rapporteur has observed that in many cases in which extractive companies have been identified as responsible for, or at least associated with, violations of the rights of indigenous peoples, those violations occur in countries with weak regulatory regimes, and the responsible companies are domiciled in other, typically much more developed, countries. Even if States are not obligated under international law to regulate the extraterritorial activities of companies domiciled in their territory in order to compel or promote conformity with human rights standards, strong policy reasons exist for them to do so, as affirmed by the Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.19 These reasons include, in addition to preserving the States’ own reputation, the simple morality of exercising the State regulatory power to advance human rights and reduce human turmoil whenever possible. 19 Principle 2, commentary. 13