A/HRC/48/78 communities in the midst of crises. Investments in climate resilience programmes help farmers to adapt and to protect food security. 79. Developed nations, multinational corporations and investors should help to develop new sustainable development models, such as sustainable energy. They should support COVID-19 recovery plans aimed at radical reductions in carbon in Africa and communities of the African descent in the diaspora. They should also make serious and immediate efforts to transition from extractive energy systems to sustainable energy, to demand corporate accountability for water pollution, to ensure common access to clean water, and to understand anti-poverty measures as fundamental to climate preparedness. 80. The multiple crises of climate change and other forms of environmental degradation, racial inequity and the COVID-19 pandemic demand recovery efforts that prioritize women, young people and other marginalized communities. Government immigration policies should accommodate climate migrants and others moving for reasons related to climate change, and meet their needs. Governments should also plan climate resiliency into global nutrition and food security programmes for Africa and communities of African descent. They should support food system strategies that mitigate the emissions caused by both food production and consumption. 81. States should recognize the rights of people of African descent to ancestral territories and value ancestral knowledge to mitigate climate change; and develop policies and of capacity-building programmes to help communities to protect nature and to strengthen their ability to resist climate change and other environmental destruction. 82. All States should address the ways in which systemic racism and multiple and intersecting systems of discrimination have disproportionately affected people of African descent; this includes directing climate adaptation and mitigation funding to communities that have historically experienced discrimination, and seeking climate solutions that also serve to rectify historical inequities. Climate financing should be localized to support community-led solutions. An assessment of racial impact should be a part of human rights due diligence efforts for all climate and environmental action, and there should be accountability for human rights violations and environmental damage, including reparations. There must be free, prior and informed consent from communities to ensure people of African descent are consulted and enjoy the benefits arising from the use of their land, and meaningfully addressing climate change-related loss and damage experienced by marginalized communities. 83. All States should recognize and pay reparations for the centuries of harm to Afro-descendants rooted in slavery and colonialism. States should consider the CARICOM 10-point action plan for reparations for guidance in this regard. 84. Decision-makers should examine the effect of interaction of historical and structural discrimination on people of African descent and climate change to inform their policymaking, in particular with regard to any unintended impact of emergency response plans; have greater recognition of the existing vulnerability of people of African descent when designing adaptation measures; ensure the interaction of climate mitigation policies for existing sites of concentrated air pollution and the demographic makeup of these areas (such as mitigation of environmentally-induced asthma in communities of African descent); and bear in mind the risk of climate mitigation policies incentivizing the seizure of land. 85. Special measures should be regarded as part of a State’s climate change response to enhance the effectiveness of emergency response and adaptation measures by reducing the vulnerability of people of African descent and the social impact of climate mitigation measures. Special measures include granting access to health and housing, given that climate change presents a significant threat to both and they are a major source of accumulation of disadvantage; to land, particularly to reduce the impact of mitigation policies that might incentivize the seizure of land; and to education, to ensure that people of African descent have greater access to economic opportunities, political participation and justice. These are fundamental to reduce vulnerabilities and the 17