379 380 381 382 383 384 385 386 387 388 389 390 391 392 393 394 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 405 406 407 408 409 58 Protection of the Rights of Indigenous Peoples in 24 African Countries, Pretoria, 2009. ACHPR, Communication No. 276/2003, Centre for Minority Rights Development (Kenya) and MRG on behalf of the Endorois Welfare Council v Kenya, The decision was adopted by the ACHPR in May 2009 and approved by the African Union at its January 2010 meeting in Addis Ababa. Notably, MRG was a co-litigant and advised and represented the Endorois in this case. ACHPR/Res 65 (XXXIV) 03 Resolution on the Adoption of the Report of the African Commission’s Working Group on Indigenous Populations/Communities, p. 21. Katangese Peoples’ Congress v Zaire, ACHPR, Comm. No. 75/92 (1995). The Social and Economic Rights Action Center and the Center for Economic and Social Rights v Nigeria, ACHPR, Comm. No. 155/96 (2001). Ibid., para. 55. ACHPR/Res. 121 (XXXXII) 07 Resolution on the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, 28 November 2007. Ibid., paras 32–4. Ibid. ACHPR, Communication No. 276/2003, Centre for Minority Rights Development (Kenya) and MRG on behalf of the Endorois Welfare Council v Kenya, supra 379, para. 147ff. Ibid., para. 187. Ibid., para. 196. Ibid., para. 199ff. Ibid., para. 209. Ibid., para. 226. Ibid., para. 268. Ibid., para. 286. See, for example, Akdivar and Others v Turkey (Application No. 21893/93, Judgment of 16 September 1996) and Blečić v Croatia (Application No. 59532/00, Judgment of 8 March 2006). Applications Nos. 8803–8811/02, 8813/02 and 8815–8819/02, Judgment of 29 June 2004. Ibid., paras 137–9. See also Handolsdalen Sami Village and Others v Sweden, Application no. 39013/04. For an interesting analysis of the subject, see Banda, F. and Chinkin, C., Gender, Minorities and Indigenous Peoples, London, MRG, 2004. Ibid., p. 11. Ibid., p. 12. UNDG Guidelines on Indigenous Peoples’ Issues, 2008, p. 11, retrieved 2 December 2010, http://www2.ohchr.org/ english/issues/indigenous/docs/guidelines.pdf. Ibid., p. 22. See Report III(IA) – Report of the Committee of Experts on the Application of Conventions and Recommendations, 2009, p.31 ff. Ibid., p. 33. For an overview of the supervisory system of the ILO and the role of the CEACR, see the section of this guide on ‘The International Labour Organization (p. 33). By way of illustration, see CEACR: Individual Observation concerning Discrimination (Employment and Occupation Convention), 1958 (No. 111) Chile (Ratification: 1971), 2007, para. 4. In this case, the CEACR noted that: ‘in terms of income distribution and average income there was a marked segregation of indigenous people from the non-indigenous population’. At the same time, it also noted that ‘67.9 per cent of indigenous women were not active, while the figure for men was 24.2 per cent’. CEDAW, Concluding Observations on Ecuador, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/ECU/CO/7, 7 November 2008, para. 24. CEDAW, Article 1. 410 ICERD, Article 1, emphasis added. 411 See, for example, Concluding Observations on Japan, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/JPN/CO/6, 7 August 2009, para. 50ff. 412 UN Doc. E/2004/43, 21 May 2004, para. 6 (a). 413 UN Doc. A/55/18/Annex 5, 20 March 2008. 414 See CERD, Concluding Observations on the People’s Republic of China, UN Doc. CERD/C/CHN/CO/10-13, 28 August 2009, para. 18. 415 Ibid., para. 23. 416 CERD, Concluding Observations on Colombia, UN Doc. CERD/C/COL/CO/14, 28 August 2009, para. 22. 417 CERD, Concluding Observations on Pakistan, UN Doc. CERD/C/PAK/CO/20, 16 March 2009, para. 17. 418 CERD, Concluding Observations on Namibia, CERD/C/NAM/CO/12, 22 September 2008, para. 23. 419 MRG in association with UNICEF, State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2009, London, MRG, 2009, p. 75. 420 UN Doc. A/55/18/Annex 5, 20 March 2008, para. 5. 421 CERD, 75th session, August 2009. 422 MRG in association with UNICEF, State of the World’s Minorities, pp. 71 ff. 423 For more details, see the section of this guide on ‘Intersectionality: religion and gender’ (p. 8). 424 CEACR, Individual Observation concerning Discrimination (Employment and Occupation Convention), 1958 (No. 111) Turkey (ratification: 1967), published 2008. 425 CEACR, Individual Observation concerning Discrimination (Employment and Occupation Convention), 1958 (No. 111), France (ratification: 1981), published 2008. 426 See, respectively, UN Doc. CEDAW/C/TUR/CC/4-5, 15 February 2005, paras 33–4, and UN Doc. CEDAW/C/FRA/CO/6, 8 April 2008, para. 20. 427 Hudoyberganova v Uzbekistan (931/2000) UN HRC 19 BHRC 581, 18 January 2005. For more details, see the section of this guide on ‘Intersectionality: religion and gender’ (p. 8). 428 Hudoyberganova v Uzbekistan (931/2000) UN HRC 19 BHRC 581, 18 January 2005, para. 6.2. 429 Ibid. 430 Kambel, E.R., A Guide to Indigenous Women’s Rights under the International Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Women, Moreton-in the Marsh, UK, Forest Peoples Programme, 2004, p. 12. 431 An-Na’im, A.A., ‘State responsibility under international human rights law to change religious and customary law’, quoted in Thornberry, P., Indigenous Peoples and Human Rights, Manchester, Manchester University Press, 2002, p. 259. 432 Report on the situation of indigenous peoples in Nepal, UN Doc. A/HRC/12/34/Add.3, 20 July 2009, para. 45. 433 Mission to Kenya, UN Doc. A/HRC/4/32/Add.3, 26 February 2007, para. 78ff. 434 MRG, State of the World’s Minorities and Indigenous Peoples 2009, p. 78. See also Kapuri, N. and Ridgewell, A., A Double Bind: The Exclusion of Pastoralist Women in the East and Horn of Africa, London, MRG, 2008. 435 Report on the situation of indigenous peoples in Nepal, UN Doc. A/HRC/12/34/Add.3, 20 July 2009, para. 47. 436 Baguio Declaration, 2nd Asian Indigenous Women’s Conference, 8 March 2004. 437 Commentary of the Working Group on Minorities to the UNDM, UN Doc. E/CN.4/Sub.2/AC.5/2005/2, 4 April 2005, para. 58. 438 UN Doc. A/CONF.157/23, 25 June 1993, para. 5. 439 GA Res. 47/135 of 18 December 1992, Art. 4, para. 2. 440 See the section of this guide on ‘Intersectionality: religion and gender’ (p. 8). 441 Council of Europe, FCNM and Explanatory Report, Strasbourg, 1995; http://www.coe.int/t/dghl/monitoring/ minorities/1_AtGlance/PDF_H(1995)010_FCNM_Explan Report_en.pdf MINORITY GROUPS AND LITIGATION: A REVIEW OF DEVELOPMENTS IN INTERNATIONAL AND REGIONAL JURISPRUDENCE