107 Ibid., para. 158. 108 Ibid., para. 164. 109 Moldovan and others v Romania (Application Nos 41138/98 and 64320/01) [2007] 44 EHRR, 16. 110 Ibid., para. 139. 111 D.H. and Others v The Czech Republic, supra 50. 112 Ibid., para. 203. 113 Ibid., para. 204. 114 Timishev v Russia [2007] 44 EHRR 37, supra 25. 115 Ibid., para. 56. 116 Ibid., para. 58. 117 The CERD, a quasi-judicial body under the ICERD, has recently clarified the meaning and scope of special measures in its General Recommendation No. 32. The CERD suggested that special measures should be ‘appropriate to the situation to be remedied, be legitimate, necessary in a democratic society, respect the principles of fairness and proportionality, and be temporary’. CERD, General Recommendation No. 32: The meaning and scope of special measures in the International Convention on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, 75th session, August 2009, para. 16. 118 Such measures should be designed and implemented on the basis of need and a minority group’s current situation: ibid. 119 Belgian Linguistics, supra 18. 120 Ibid., para. 44. 121 Sejdić and Finci v Bosnia and Herzegovina supra 6. 122 Ibid., para. 55. 123 Sejdić and Finci v Bosnia and Herzegovina, supra 6, para. 42. 124 Ibid., para. 43; see also Nachova v Bulgaria, supra 99, para. 145; Timishev v Russia, supra 114, para. 56. 125 Sejdić and Finci v Bosnia and Herzegovina, supra 6, para. 44. 126 Ibid., para. 45; see also, Belgian Linguistics, supra 18, para. 10; Thlimmenos v Greece, supra 22, para. 44. 127 Partly concurring and partly dissenting opinion of Judge Mijovic, joined by Judge Hajiyev. 128 Amnesty International v Zambia, ACHPR, Comm. No. 212/98 (1999). 129 Organisation Mondiale Contre La Torture v Rwanda, ACHPR, Comm. Nos. 27/89, 46/91, 49/91, 99/93 (1996). 130 Amnesty International v Zambia, supra 128. 131 This obligation not to discriminate against persons within its jurisdiction was reaffirmed by the ACHPR against Zambia in another case concerning deportations of West Africans in Rencontre Africaine pour la Defense des Droits de l’Homme v Zambia, ACHPR, Comm. No. 71/92 (1996). 132 Organisation Mondiale Contre La Torture v Rwanda, supra 129. 133 Ibid., para. 22. 134 Ibid., para. 20. 135 Malawi African Association and Others v Mauritania, ACHPR, Comm. Nos 54/91, 61/91, 98/93, 164/97 à 196/97 and 210/98 (2000). 136 Ibid., para. 131. 137 The Yean and Bosico Children v Dominican Republic, Judgment of September 8, 2005, IACtHR (Ser. C), No. 130 (2005). 138 Ibid., para. 109(12). 139 Ibid., para. 153. 140 Ibid. 141 Ibid., para. 109(10). 142 Ibid., para. 109(14), 109(17), 109(18) and 109(20). 143 Ibid., para. 109(16). 144 Ibid., para. 140. 145 Ibid. 146 Ibid., para. 141. 147 Ibid., para. 155. 148 Ibid., para. 177. 149 Case 170/84, Bilka-Kaufhaus [1986] IRLR 317. 150 Case C 152/73, Sotgiu [1974] ECR 153. 151 Furthermore, the procedure used under Article 13 TEC (now Article 19 TFEU) requires the unanimous consensus of all 27 member states, so in practice, it may be difficult to amend it to incorporate explicit reference to minority rights. 152 Directive 2000/43/EC, Equal Treatment between Persons Irrespective of Racial or Ethnic Origin [2000] OJ L180/22 (Race Directive). 153 Directive 2000/78/EC, Establishing a General Framework for Equal Treatment in Employment and Occupation [2000] OJ L303/16 (Employment Directive). 154 Council Directive 2004/113/EC Implementing the Principle of Equal Treatment between Men and Women in the Access to and Supply of Goods and Services [2004] OJ L373/37 (Goods and Services Directive). 155 Ibid., Article 3(3). 156 Race Directive, Article 2(2)(a). 157 Ibid., Article 2(2)(b). 158 Employment Directive, Preamble, Recital 25. 159 Goods and Services Directive, Article 4(5). 160 Ibid., Preamble, Recital 16. 161 Race Directive, Article 4. 162 Goods and Services Directive, Article 5(2). 163 Ibid., Article 5(1). 164 Race Directive, Article 5; Employment Directive, Article 7; Goods and Services Directive, Article 6. 165 Race Directive, Article 6(1); Employment Directive, Article 8(1); Goods and Services Directive, Article 7 (1). 166 Race Directive, Article 6(2); Employment Directive, Article 8(2); Goods and Services Directive, Article 7(2). 167 Case C 54/07, Centrum voor gelijkheid van kansen en voor racismebestrijding v Firma Feryn NV, 10 July 2008. 168 Ibid., para. 10. 169 Ibid., para. 25. 170 Ibid., para. 24. 171 Race Directive, Article 4. 172 Case C-144/04, Mangold v Helm [2006] 1 CMLR 43 and Case C-411/05, Felix Palacios de la Villa v Cortefiel Servicios Sa, 16.10.2007 on age discrimination; Case C-303/06, S. Coleman v Attridge Law and Steve Law, 17.07.2008 and Case C-13/05, Chacon Navas v Eurest Collectividades SA [2006] 3 CMLR 40 on disability discrimination; and Case C276/06, Tadao Maruko v Versorgungsanstalt der deutschen Buhnen, 01.04.2008 on discrimination based on sexual orientation. 173 Commission (EC) Communication to the European Parliament, the Council, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, ‘Nondiscrimination and equal opportunities: a renewed commitment’, COM(2008) 420 final, 2. 174 Ibid. 175 Mandla v Dowell Lee [1983] AC 548, Commission for Racial Equality v Dutton [1989] IRLR 8; Seide v Gillette Industries Ltd [1980] IRLR 427. 176 Tariq v Young, Case 247738/88, EOR Discrimination Case Law Digest No. 2, Crown Suppliers (Property Services Agency) v Dawkins [1993] ICR 517] and Lovell-Badge v Norwich City College of Further and Higher Education, Case 1502237/97 (1999) 39 EOR Discrimination Case Law Digest 4. 177 Communication from the Commission to the Council, the European Parliament, the European Economic and Social Committee and the Committee of the Regions, ‘The application of Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000 establishing a general framework for equal treatment in employment and occupation’, COM(2008) 225 final/2, 9 July 2008, 4. 178 Ibid. 179 Azmi v Kirklees Metropolitan Borough Council, Employment Appeal Tribunal, Appeal No. UKEAT/0009/07/MAA, 8 March 2007. 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