A/80/181 identification, demarcation, registration and titling of the lands, territories and resources of Indigenous Peoples. Therefore, in the present section of the report he offers a preliminary summary of the main findings from submissions received in response to the call for inputs, as well as additional information received, by geographical region. 39. The contributions from Africa reveal that Indigenous Peoples across the continent face systemic challenges in securing land rights. Legal recognition of customary tenure is often weak, while overlapping land claims and State ownership complicate matters. In some countries, legal frameworks exist but are poorly implemented and undermined by bureaucracy, political resistance, conservation measures and extractive industries. Mobile Indigenous Peoples, such as pastoralists and hunter-gatherers, are especially vulnerable. Gender disparities and lack of representation in decision-making further exacerbate these challenges. 40. In Asia, the information received shows that the situation is marked by a mix of partial legal recognition and systemic marginalization. In many countries, Indigenous land rights are ignored in favour of conservation, palm oil plantations, extractive industries and development projects, including those undertaken by Governments. In others, legal ambiguity and discrimination hinder land titling, particularly for extremely marginalized Indigenous Peoples, such as those in voluntary isolation and mobile communities who are at risk of extinction. Despite some constitutional protections, many Indigenous Peoples face forced evictions, criminalization and exclusion from land governance. In addition, reforms to digital land records threaten traditional systems. 41. The region of Latin America and the Caribbean presents a paradox. The contributions reveal strong legal frameworks that coexist with persistent failures in implementation. Many countries have important constitutional and international commitments to Indigenous Peoples’ land rights, yet political resistance, economic pressures and corruption delay or cause the denial of land registration and titling. Even favourable court rulings are undermined by poor enforcement and lack of consultation. Gender-based exclusion, criminalization of land defenders and conflicts involving extractive industry are widespread. However, community -led initiatives and international legal victories offer hope. 42. Contributions from North America indicate that Indigenous Peoples’ land rights are recognized in law, but procedural barriers and slow reforms persist. Despite landmark rulings, Indigenous Peoples face difficulties in registering and leveraging land titles. First Nations continue to seek restitution and self-determination through treaty processes. Unrecognized tribes remain excluded from land governance and environmental restoration. There is an urgent need to move towards consent -based decision-making and the effective participation of Indigenous legal traditions. 43. Lastly, contributions from the Pacific region indicate that land rights are deeply tied to historical injustices. In Australia, treaty processes and truth -telling initiatives are advancing, but systemic barriers remain. In New Zealand, the Treaty of Waita ngi has not fully protected Māori land rights. In New Caledonia, the Kanak people continue to resist colonial land dispossession and seek restitution. 44. Overall, the contributions reveal that the injustices and discrimination against Indigenous Peoples, particularly over their land rights, persists. Despite the significant developments in the international legal framework and some landmark judicial decisions, as well as extensive research, studies and bibliography, the debt with Indigenous Peoples has not been settled. As indicated by the Expert Mechanism 25-11701 11/21