31 • In South Africa, the Department of Justice in collaboration with four universities has established a University Diploma in Legal Translation and Interpreting to improve the quality of service offered. • In India, new communications technology such as videoconferencing has been used in recent years to link interpreters to court proceedings. • In application of the proportionality principle, where it is practicable due to the concentration or number of speakers of a minority language, a number of states make legal provision for the use of minority languages in court proceedings, at least at lower levels, including the right to be heard and understood by a judge who understands that language. • In Italy’s province of Bolzano/Bozen, court proceedings in their entirety are held in either Italian or German. • In Slovenia, in municipalities where minorities are sufficiently numerous and concentrated, the Italian or Hungarian language can be used in court proceedings. • In Canada, a circuit court handling criminal and some social services matters conducts hearings entirely or partially in the Indigenous Cree language in Saskatchewan. Proceedings must also be in other languages, such as Inuktitut and French, in certain other areas because of the size of these linguistic communities. 4.6 Media and Minority Languages What should be done? So that minorities can freely express themselves and communicate with their own members and others in their own language, the free use of minority languages in the broadcast, print and electronic media must be permitted. On public sector media, the languages of minorities must be provided with sufficient and proportionate space. As much as is reasonably possible and practicable, their presence must be visible and audible to members of their communities as well as members of the majority. Why it should be done All governments should serve the needs and interests of the whole population, including minorities, ‘to access the media and impart and receive information, including in their own language’ in line with the ‘principles of pluralism, tolerance and broadmindedness’.50 In relation to private sector media, and in accordance with fundamental human rights such as freedom of expression, this means minorities must be free to communicate among themselves in private media without obstacles to the use of their own language. Equality and non-discrimination require the media sector to apply the principle of proportionality in ways that are flexible and appropriate, and that any financial or other support provided to private sector media be allocated in a non-discriminatory manner, including in relation to those using minority languages. The role of public sector broadcasting in minority languages is particularly significant in terms of promoting not only tolerance but also acceptance, and creating a sense of integration among minorities where their own needs and interests are fairly reflected and communicated. 50 OSCE High Commissioner on National Minorities, Guidelines on the use of Minority Languages in the Broadcast Media, October 2003.