A/71/229 indigenous peoples’ rights and more effective and equitable governance. WWF Cameroon is advocating with the Government for formalized national free, prior and informed consent requirements and guidelines. Additional examples of positive practices reported are support by transnational corporations for securing collective land rights in Indonesia and the United Republic of Tanzania. 49. Most conservation organizations lack complaints and grievance mechanisms or are in the initial stages of developing such measures. As a positiv e initiative, Conservation International is currently designing a complaints mechanism, to be effective in 14 countries, in consultation with indigenous communities. In 2011, IUCN established the Whakatane Mechanism to undertake assessments with recommendations, in order to mediate in situations where indigenous peoples have been negatively affected by conservation measures. The first two pilot assessments took place in 2011 and 2012, in Mount Elgon, Kenya and in Ob Luang National Park, Thailand. Implementation of the mechanism has, however, stalled and requires additional resources and support from IUCN members to become operational. 50. Several conservation organizations, including IUCN, WWF and Conservation International reported that they engage regularl y with indigenous international forums or that they support the participation of indigenous representatives at key debates on environment and conservation. Some conservation organizations have established advisory bodies consisting of indigenous peoples an d have ensured that indigenous peoples are represented in senior positions within their organization, including on their boards. In a positive development, IUCN is currently revising its membership requirements, in order to enable more indigenous organizat ions to join and formally engage in discussions on conservation policy and practice. VII. Key conservation challenges and opportunities 51. The respective Special Rapporteurs on the rights of indigenous peoples have, since the establishment of the mandate in 2001, received numerous allegations of large-scale violations of the rights of indigenous peoples in the context of conservation measures. Among the consequences indigenous peoples have faced following forced displacement from protected areas are marginalization, poverty, loss of livelihoods, food insecurity, extrajudicial killings, and disrupted links with spiritual sites and denial of access to justice and remedy. The successive special rapporteurs have raised serious concerns over the impact that protected areas have had on indigenous peoples in a wide range of countries, including: Argentina, Botswana, Chile, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Honduras, Kenya, Mexico, Namibia, Nepal, the Russian Federation, South Africa and the United States of America. 39 52. Many of these violations persist in countries where protected areas were declared prior to the introduction of rights-based conservation and where legal reforms in favour of indigenous peoples’ rights remain deficient. The lack of collective land rights for indigenous people is a primary obstacle to ensuring that __________________ 39 18/25 See A/HRC/21/47/Add.2 (Argentina); E/CN.4/2002/97/Add.1 (Botswana); A/HRC/32/53 (Chile); A/HRC/4/32/Add.2 (Ecuador); A/HRC/9/9/Add.1 (Ethiopia); A/HRC/33/42/Add.2 (Honduras); A/HRC/4/32/Add.3, A/HRC/15/37/Add.1 and A/HRC/26/21 (Kenya); E/CN.4/2004/80/Add.4 (Mexico); A/HRC/12/34/Add.3, A/HRC/9/9/Add.1 (Nepal); A/HRC/15/37/Add.5 (the Russian Federation); E/CN.4/2006/78/Add.2 (South Africa); A/HRC/15/37/Add.1 (Uganda); A/HRC/21/47/Add.1 (the United States of America). 16-13163