through the collection of data, for use in monitoring direct and indirect discrimination and in conducting self-initiated investigations. I would also like to share a few good practices in the establishment of oversight and equality bodies in certain countries. In Denmark, Norway and Sweden, for instance, special law enforcement officers are attached to the Prosecutor-General’s office who receive and investigate complaints against police officers. In Germany, the NGO “Bureau for the Implementation of Equal Treatment” has successfully challenged in court the practice of identity checks carried out by the border police in trains and train stations which were solely done on the basis of racial and ethnic criteria. These bodies help support internal mechanisms to ensure accountability and transparency. Although some States have begun to address the issue of profiling, serious efforts remain to be made. The multiplications of reports of racial profiling and resulting violations of rights , such as the unjust deprivation of freedom, or the violation of the physical integrity of the victims of profiling in various parts of the world is extremely worrisome and requires immediate attention especially within the context of discussions to address the heightened threat posed by terrorist extremism. I would like to conclude by thanking all of those who have worked to improve our understanding of these issues, and who have dedicated their efforts to improving policies and mechanisms that can lead to elimination of practices that endanger the fundamental rights of minorities. I hope that these efforts will continue and grow in strength and effectiveness with all of your collaboration. I thank you for your attention and look forward to an enriching and fruitful dialogue.