CCPR/C/GEO/CO/4 transgender persons and ensure the investigation, prosecution and punishment of any act of violence motivated by the victim’s sexual orientation or gender identity in accordance with article 53, para. 31, of the Criminal Code. It should also take all necessary measures to guarantee the exercise in practice of the rights to freedom of expression and assembly of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender persons and defenders of their rights. Domestic violence and corporal punishment of children 9. While acknowledging the measures taken to combat domestic violence, including its criminalization in June 2012, the Committee is concerned that domestic violence remains underreported owing to gender stereotypes, lack of due diligence on the part of law enforcement officers in investigating such cases and insufficient protection measures for victims, including insufficient enforcement of restrictive and protective orders and a limited number of State-funded shelters and support services. The Committee also notes with concern that corporal punishment, especially in the home, continues to be accepted and practised as a traditional form of discipline by parents and guardians (arts. 2, 3, 6, 7, 24 and 26). The State party should strengthen its efforts to prevent and combat all forms of domestic violence by ensuring the effective implementation of the existing relevant legal and policy frameworks, including by: (a) Encouraging reporting of domestic violence cases, inter alia by informing women of their rights and the existing legal avenues through which they can receive protection; (b) Ensuring effective implementation of legislation to combat domestic violence and access of victims to effective remedies and means of protection, including an adequate number of shelters and support services available in all parts of the country; (c) Ensuring that law enforcement authorities, as well as medical and social workers, continue to receive appropriate training to deal with cases of domestic violence; (d) Pursuing its awareness-raising efforts to widely sensitize the public at large to the adverse impact of domestic violence; (e) Taking practical steps, including through legislative measures where appropriate, to put an end to corporal punishment in all settings, encouraging nonviolent forms of discipline as alternatives to corporal punishment, and conducting public information campaigns to raise awareness about its harmful effects. Accountability for past human rights violations 10. The Committee is concerned about the slow progress in investigating, identifying and prosecuting perpetrators of human rights violations committed during or in the immediate aftermath of the 2008 armed conflict that may constitute war crimes and crimes against humanity, including cases of enforced disappearances, indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks against the civilian population and other protected persons, unlawful detention, torture and inhuman treatment, and the destruction and appropriation of property (arts. 2, 6, 7, 9, 14, and 16). The State party should ensure that all allegations of enforced disappearances, indiscriminate and disproportionate attacks against the civilian population and other protected persons, unlawful detention, torture and inhuman treatment, and extensive destruction and appropriation of property are effectively, independently and 4