A/HRC/6/5 page 21 religious minorities are not allowed to worship or conduct any religious activities without State approval or prior registration. Since believers are in a situation of special vulnerability whenever they find themselves in places of worship, States should pay increased attention to attacks on places of worship and ensure that all perpetrators of such attacks are properly prosecuted and tried. Women, persons deprived of their liberty, refugees, children, minorities and migrant workers can be identified as particularly vulnerable groups with regard to their freedom of religion or belief. The right to life and the right to liberty are also frequently infringed as evidenced by numerous cases of killings and arbitrary detention for reasons of religion or belief. States have to ensure that their constitutional and legislative systems provide adequate and effective guarantees of freedom of thought, conscience, religion and belief to all without distinction, inter alia, by the provision of effective remedies in cases where the right to freedom religion or belief is violated. 51. States and non-State actors have to abide by the applicable international human rights standards. Furthermore, rather than waiting until acts of intolerance and discrimination based on religion or belief have been perpetrated, it would be advisable for States to devise proactive strategies in order to prevent such violations. Consequently, education could serve as an essential tool in creating a genuine human rights culture in society. Especially primary and secondary schools may be a suitable place for learning about peace, understanding and tolerance among individuals, groups and nations in order to develop respect for pluralism. States, academic institutions and NGOs should be encouraged to elaborate models for education in religion and ethics in accordance with international human rights instruments, as a follow-up to the 2001 International Consultative Conference on school education in relation to freedom of religion and belief, tolerance and non-discrimination. 52. Furthermore, inter-religious and intra-religious dialogue is vital for the prevention of conflicts. Religions may examine ways of managing the expression of their own internal diversity while at the same time incorporating a genuinely pluralist culture. Inter-religious and intra-religious dialogue should not only include religious leaders but could also involve initiatives at the grassroots level. In this regard, it may be useful to take into account the perspectives of believers who are dispassionate about their faith and of non-believers. Teachers, children and students could also benefit from voluntary opportunities of meetings and exchanges with their counterparts of different religions or beliefs, either in their home country or abroad. Consequently, States should be encouraged to consider promoting regional or international cultural exchanges in the field of education, for example by concluding agreements relating to such exchange programmes and by providing funding for related grassroots activities. -----