A/HRC/42/59 justice in Jamaica during the nineteenth century, Ms. Shepherd explored the retribution and punishment imposed upon people of African descent who had taken part in the struggle. It was important to keep places of memory alive through memorialization. She highlighted the efforts of some States in that area while encouraging others to also act. 48. Ms. Milner emphasized the need to eliminate big data collection as it resulted in perpetuating racial discrimination under the guise of neutral algorithms. An example of the detrimental effects of racially discriminatory algorithms in partnership with big data collection was private credit scoring by banks of people of African descent with regard to homeownership, employment and access to schools. Data collection was the present-day workhorse of racism, as it perpetuated and legitimized racism and discriminatory practices. As a potential solution to that problem, a public data trust could be created for technology giants to share their data and allow social researchers and data analysts to sift through it for the betterment of people of African descent. Furthermore, there was a need to clearly identify responsible parties when algorithms were used that might violate people’s rights. 49. During the interactive discussion, Mr. Sunga asked Mr. Palmer about the obstacles he had encountered regarding reparations and steps he had taken to overcome them. Mr. Palmer said he spoke directly to the public and institutions. Press interest was also extremely significant. He had spoken to the public truthfully and had done research to find the truth. History had to be part of the curriculum and be examinable. The representative of Jamaica asked Mr. Gumedze about the draft operational guidelines on the inclusion of people of African descent in the 2030 Agenda being developed by the Working Group, and to what extent it could improve the use by Member States of data to address racial discrimination issues. Mr. Gumedze replied that it was crucial for people of African descent to be counted to inform policy processes towards addressing racial discrimination. Responding to a question from Mr. Reid on the challenges related to the reparations movement, Ms. Shepherd observed that there had been a rise in reparations movements in different parts of the world. Youth education and awareness-raising strategies were important tools in the movement, including history education in schools. In response to a question from a civil society representative related to measures to increase knowledge of history, Ms. Shepherd said that knowledge could be increased by including the history of people of African descent on high school syllabuses and through radio and television programmes and commemorative days. That history was being promoted actively in the Caribbean region. V. Conclusions and recommendations 50. The Working Group thanks Member States, representatives of international organizations and civil society for their active participation in the discussions. A. Conclusions 51. The Working Group concludes that the existence of ongoing racial bias and racial stereotype is reflected throughout society, including in advertisements, social media, political rhetoric and decision-making in health, education and employment. 52. The ability to exercise and enjoy key human rights is dramatically curtailed by racial bias in decision-making that is grounded in false beliefs. Racial bias has such a systemic impact on the enjoyment and exercise of fundamental rights that even in different countries people of African descent face similar challenges. The individual and institutional racism faced by people of African descent impacts their enjoyment of basic human rights, including their rights to education, health, housing and employment, and other economic, social, cultural and environmental rights. 53. Racial discrimination continues to be systemic and rooted in an economic model that denies meaningful and effective development to people of African descent globally, and frequently justifies or neutralizes the historical and ongoing exploitation of their labour, land and natural resources. 12