Tool 7. Early Warning on Minorities and Conflict Separation and Segregation History Identity Subject Early Warning Monitoring Possible Indicators Data sources Is everyone able to practice • Systematic official denial of the their language, religion and existence of particular distinct groups. culture freely? • Compulsory identification against the Is everyone able to choose their will of members of particular groups, identity or identities without including the use of identity cards suffering a detriment? indicating ethnicity. Does the State accept it • Legal or de facto restrictions on the has minorities? expression of religious, linguistic or cultural identity in the public or Are some groups, religions, private sphere. cultures or languages given superior status, such as by stating the State is of a particular religion or people, or ‘constituent’ peoples? • Media reports, including minority language or minority group media outlets • New or existing legislation • Constitutional provisions • UN Treaty Body reports • NHRI reports • Ethnic Distance surveys Is there a history of violence and crimes against different groups? Where there is a history of major crimes against minorities has this been addressed, through investigations, prosecutions at the senior level, and apologies? Is there a common history curriculum, which reflects the history of all the communities in the country in a positive way? • Grossly biased versions of historical events in school textbooks and other educational materials as well as celebration of historical events that exacerbate tensions between groups and peoples. • Prior history of genocide or violence against a group. • Policy or practice of impunity for past crimes. • A history of vilification or dehumanization of a group including the use of symbols, flags or markings to conjure previous abuse; denial of past atrocities and genocides; and celebration of instances of perceived or actual abuse of a group. • Current school curricula and textbooks • Public events • Historical records • Dialogue with minority groups Are different peoples able to mix? Do they live together? Are schools, housing, jobs segregated? Are there strict quota systems? • The systematic exclusion in law or in fact of groups from positions of power, employment in state institutions and key professions such as teaching, the judiciary and the police. • Compulsory identification against the will of members of particular groups, including the use of identity cards indicating ethnicity. • Policies of forced removal of children belonging to ethnic minorities with the purpose of complete assimilation. • Policies of segregation, direct and indirect, for example separate schools and housing areas. • New or existing legislation • UN Treaty Body reports • NHRI reports • Ethnic Distance surveys • Dialogue with minority groups Chapter 10: Monitoring and Evaluation Tools 143