BOX 17. (continued)  What political pressures do governments face when applying conditions and targeting policies and programmes for ethnic minorities and/or the chronic poor?  What capacity is needed to administer implementation at different levels and how is this addressed? What capacities need to be developed among beneficiaries, and through what mechanisms or channels? Are there specific capacities related to programmes that deal with ethnic minorities?   90 How is targeting managed, and what are the trade-offs between accuracy of targeting and the politics and cost of targeting? Are ethnic minorities specifically targeted, and if not how are they included as policy and programme beneficiaries? Are there any measures to ensure that minorities get fair access to benefits in mixed communities? Will the benefits of social policies and programmes - in terms of human development outcomes, and also in terms of reducing hunger and income poverty, increasing women’s empowerment, and promoting growth - exceed the costs of administering them? How is this issue relevant for programmes that specifically target ethnic minorities and/or the decisions made whether or not to target minority groups?  How are programmes and policies monitored and evaluated, and how does the information feed back into the policy formulation process? Is data on ethnic minorities disaggregated?  How do beneficiaries “graduate” from a programme and what support is there for those who fail to reach the programme objectives?  How is improved access to education conditioned by available economic opportunities, and are there differences specific to ethnic minorities?  What role does microfinance play in social development for ethnic minorities and the poorest and can it be part of broader social protection measures? M A R G I N A L I S E D M I N O R I T I E S I N D E V E LO P M E N T P R O G R A M M I N g