Table 5. Targeted or Inclusive Approaches? Both targeted and inclusive approaches have the potential to benefit minorities and need to be considered carefully. The same programme can include both approaches for achieving different goals. For example, a programme on access to health could focus on vulnerable groups but include a special component to examine why access to maternal health is disproportionately lower for minority women. When determining which approach is best suited, some guiding questions can be helpful: Key question Considerations Programme response Is there evidence that the minority group is particularly marginalised? If yes, targeted approaches might be needed to concentrate resources and to adapt programmes to address the particular obstacles faced by this group. Meet with minority communities to discuss what factors they believe are causing their marginalisation. In consultation with minorities, consider appropriate programme responses to address these factors that could be targeted or integrated into inclusive programmes. Can data be produced to justify the need for targeted programmes? Having disaggregated data can reassure other stakeholders that targeted programmes for minorities are justified because of the high levels of inequality they experience. Gather or commission the collection of disaggregated data on key human development indicators for groups affected by proposed development interventions. Are there existing tensions between minorities and neighbouring groups? Using targeted approaches might exacerbate existing tensions. This is particularly true where neighbouring groups are also experiencing exclusion. Convene dialogues on development needs at the community level with all affected groups present. If necessary, create an additional space where minorities can express their concerns freely and safely. Have minority groups called for targeted approaches? If not, they may not want targeted approaches or there may be underlying fears among the community that targeted approaches will cause tension. It is also possible that minority groups do not realise they are entitled to ‘special measures’ to overcome discrimination against them. Review government practice with affirmative actions policies and public reaction to them. Are existing development interventions having an impact on minorities? If inclusive approaches are not improving the human development of minorities and inequalities are growing, targeted approaches may be needed to supplement mainstream programmes. Monitor and evaluate existing programmes to determine the impact on minorities Is the government open to discussion on the status of minorities? If the government is open, they may be more considerate of targeted approaches. Where the government is not open, inclusive approaches that are integrative of minority concerns may be preferable. Open a discussion with key ministries to determine if minorities are a government concern. If not, identify entry points, such as attention to the poorest, where more effort can be made to include minorities. Open a dialogue with members of minority communities to determine their perceptions of possible development interventions, both targeted and inclusive. Chapter 5: Programming Opportunities and Relevant Strategies 81