A/HRC/23/46 Tampere Programme established initial common immigration and asylum policies, common rules for family migrants, access to long-term residence, and the first phase of the Common European Asylum System. Building on this, the Hague Programme designed an agenda for migration-related issues, which incorporated the second phase of the Common European Asylum System; legal migration and combatting illegal employment; integration of third-country nationals; the importance of cooperating with third countries in asylum and migration policy (the Global Approach to Migration in 2005); and management of migration flows. The Hague Programme recognized that “[l]egal migration will play an important role in enhancing the knowledge-based economy in Europe, in advancing economic development, and thus contributing to the implementation of the Lisbon strategy”, and asked the Commission to present a policy plan on legal migration “including admission procedures, capable of responding promptly to fluctuating demands for migrant labour in the labour market”. The Hague Programme also created the EU border agency, Frontex, in order to develop integrated management of the EU’s external b orders. 7. The Stockholm Programme outlines the policy and legislative agenda for the EU on migration, integration of migrants, asylum and external border controls for 2010-2014, and implements the new provisions on migration and asylum provided by the Lis bon Treaty. Its priorities include: improving external border management by strengthening cooperation between EU States and introducing stricter border controls to combat “illegal” immigration and cross-border crime; developing EU visa policies to facilitate legal access to Europe; ensuring that people in need of international protection and vulnerable people are granted entry into Europe; creating the Common European Asylum System; strengthening Frontex and coordinating its work with the European A sylum Support Office (EASO); building partnerships with non-EU countries; and designing a migration policy that benefits EU States, countries of origin and migrants and which incorporates both integration initiatives and a sound return policy. 8. Furthermore, the Stockholm Programme recognizes the need to develop a comprehensive and flexible migration policy, centred on solidarity and responsibility, and addressing the needs of both EU countries and migrants. It should take into consideration the labour-market needs of EU countries, while minimising brain-drain from non-EU countries. Vigorous integration policies that guarantee the rights of migrants must also be put in place. Furthermore, it notes that a common migration policy must include an effective and sustainable return policy, while work needs to continue on preventing, controlling and combating “illegal” immigration. It also notes the need to strengthen dialogue and partnerships with non-EU countries (both transit and origin), in particular through the further development of the Global Approach to Migration. It also calls for the further development of integrated border management, including the reinforcement of the role of Frontex in order to increase its capacity to respond more effectively to changing migration flows. An action plan provides a roadmap for the implementation of political priorities set out in the Stockholm Programme. 2. Global Approach to Migration and Mobility 9. The Global Approach to Migration (GAM) was adopted in 2005, as the EU’s framework for dialogue and cooperation with non-EU countries of origin, transit and destination. In November 2011, the Commission put forward a renewed Global Approach to Migration and Mobility (GAMM) which confirmed that migration is at the to p of the EU’s political agenda, and that the GAMM should be considered the overarching framework of EU External Migration Policy. The renewed GAMM has four priority areas: i) better organizing legal migration and fostering well-managed mobility; ii) preventing and combating “illegal” migration and eradicating trafficking in human beings; iii) maximising the development impact of migration and mobility; and iv) promoting international protection and enhancing the external dimension of asylum. The protection of human rights 24