These are again sage recommendations, and should be required actions by all state parties. Yet it's only once we look closely at some of the issues that we realize the challenges at hand. Again, example from India, on representative police forces and inclusive law enforcement: Police forces inspire little trust among the poor and minorities especially. This is a result of the long history of unprofessional and mostly prejudiced working of the police, that various official commissions of enquiry into minority violence themselves point to. The reasons are not far to see. Police forces (and the bureaucracy generally) have very poor representation of Muslims: 3.2% in central security forces, and 4% in the national police service, for a group that constitutes 14% of the population nationally. As a result police forces are hardly seen by minorities as their protectors. 8.1 My suggestions here would be to add the following observations: i. ii. iii. iv. Encourage state parties to set targets and timeframes for better representation for minorities in police/security forces and bureaucracies; and track and document progress, and publish those. Encourage state parties to develop complaints redressal procedures, and establish Ombudsmen bodies, towards ensuring accountability of police/security agencies State agencies responsible for providing early warning and risk assessment, need to have the tools and capacities, and crucially the autonomy and will, to apply those tools objectively, to warn and counter the risk of violence. Create civil society capacity to monitor working of law enforcement and the criminal justice system on atrocity crimes