A/HRC/31/56/Add.1 favoured large-scale development projects, including extractive industries, agribusiness and infrastructure projects. C. Social services including education 74. Quilombos and traditional communities are also often lacking access to basic services, such as education, access to health services, sanitation and basic infrastructure, including roads, transport and communication services. The Special Rapporteur learned that, in some cases, a Quilombo child will need to walk 5-6 kilometres just to reach the bus stop to travel to school each day, in order then to travel one hour to school, where she or he will be unable to perform well because of constant fatigue. In another Quilombo visited, students are only provided two hours of class per day, even for pupils up to 15 years of age Few Quilombos have local schools with teachers from their communities. In view of this, the Special Rapporteur notes that, even if affirmative action programmes exist, if AfroBrazilians, including Quilombolas, are unable to better access quality basic education, these programmes will remain powerless to address inequalities. VII. Roma 75. Roma have been present in Brazil since colonization of the territory, with the first record dating back to 1574 and have continued to migrate to Brazil for diverse reasons; sometimes fleeing persecution in Europe, sometimes seeking new horizons. 76. Three main Roma ethnic groups reside in the country: Kalon, Roma and Sinti, with various subgroups. Although precise numbers are still not available, the Government estimates that there may be upwards of 500,000 Brazilian Roma, 14 and a recent mapping project indicates that Roma may be present in as many as 337 municipalities, in more than 21 states, 196 of which already participating in social programmes. The states with the largest number of recognized Cigano camps include Minas Gerais (58), Bahia (53) and Goiás (38). The Special Rapporteur learned that, in reality, there are nowadays very few Roma communities which travel. 77. Despite the lack of data, Roma continue to be a disadvantaged, socially excluded, and largely invisible minority in Brazil. They face particular challenges with regards to accessing education, employment, health, housing and social security. Illiteracy is high, and access to public health services, education, social security, employment and housing can also be challenging, often hindered by stigmatization, institutional racism and discrimination. Early marriage remains prevalent for girls, and Roma also experience difficulties regarding the protection and preservation of their traditions and cultural heritage. 78. Stereotypes such as the “lazy gypsy” remain widespread, and Roma are often characterized as vagabonds and perpetrators of kidnapping, stealing, cheating, sorcery and witchcraft. Roma complained that these stereotypes are perpetuated by the mainstream media, including a recent soap opera in which Roma were negatively portrayed as stealing gold from dead bodies and looting graveyards. In this connection, Roma consulted reported experiencing direct discrimination on account of their ethnicity, including not being welcomed in hotels, or on public transport, or people fearing to approach, talk to or befriend them. 14 16 See www.seppir.gov.br/comunidades-tradicionais/relatorio-executivo-brasil-cigano-1.