A/HRC/34/50 meaningfully with civil society to challenge these misperceptions as a way of countering violent extremism, mobilizing faith communities to realize a sustainable development agenda, and increasing religious freedom literacy for the betterment of protections for religious freedom or belief. IV. Recurring and emerging issues of concern 34. As a right that is both foundational to and interdependent on the human rights framework, the global pushback on human rights has generally deepened the worldwide crisis of the right to freedom of religion or belief. The ability of believers and non-believers to manifest their faith or convictions faces serious threats from State and non-State actors alike. Members of religious minority communities, as well as dissidents, are often confronted with State and non-State actor-induced threats to their freedom, safety and security. 35. The Special Rapporteur expresses his concern at various reports suggesting that targeted harassment, intimidation or discrimination against religious groups by government actors and non-State actors has, and continues to be, prevalent in many countries. He also acknowledges reports suggesting the imposition of severe restrictions on the right to freely hold, adopt, change or manifest beliefs by many Governments. This behaviour includes discrimination on the grounds of religion or belief in employment, education and housing, the destruction of holy sites, verbal and physical assaults, arrest and detention, and impunity for non-State actors alleged to have perpetrated such violations. 36. At the same time, multiculturalism and corresponding concepts such as tolerance, respect for diversity, and pluralism are a growing source of contention and are increasingly being scapegoated by an underlying narrative that maintains there are zero-sum trade-offs between societal harmony and diversity, pluralism and solidarity, and security and human rights. Growing intolerance, linked in part to the rise of populist electoral politics and violence in the name of religion, has led to a reconsideration of the value of respect for and the appreciation of diversity in a number of regions around the globe, which can, in turn, have a negative impact on the ability of religious minorities and non-believers to manifest their beliefs. These trends have been accompanied by a rise in reports of incitement to discrimination or violence, and in some cases hate crimes, by extremist groups, vigilante mobs and other non-State actors that often carry out their acts in the name of religion. 37. Moreover, the securitization of human rights, which is largely a State response to countering violence in the name of religion, further compounds the corrosive conditions that already undermine the right to freedom of religion or belief. Policies that are adopted to enhance the capacity of security forces to combat terrorism by limiting fundamental rights, such as the rights to freedom of expression, association and peaceful assembly, often have dire consequences for the enjoyment of the right to freedom of religion or belief. The dilemmas posed by securitization will require close scrutiny during the current tenure of the mandate holder. A. Limitations amounting to coercion or unlawful restriction on manifestations of religion or belief 38. The vast majority of Member States have codified protections for the right to freedom of religion or belief in their constitutions or legislation. Despite these protections, however, most States also have laws or regulations on the books that unduly or unlawfully 12