A/HRC/11/7/Add.2 page 11 “revolving door”, a “merry-go-round” and an “unending chain”. Those deported to Central America often attempt to return to the United States, transiting through Mexico along the way, and often re-establishing operations with the gang networks during their journey. 32. Deportees are returned to their countries of origin stigmatized and with little assistance for integration and employment; some are not fluent in Spanish. They are, however, highly trained in sophisticated organized-crime techniques. With the large number of other deportees and continual communication with members remaining in the United States, they are often able to recreate or fortify existing gang networks with relative ease. And, because of the large number of disenfranchised youth in low-income neighbourhoods of the capital cities, deportees are able to find a plethora of new recruits. In Mexico, especially along the southern border with Guatemala, it is offshoots and affiliates of these networks that operate the majority of the smuggling and trafficking networks, and are responsible for the operation of the famed “train of death” (see chapter II.B above). B. Migrant workers 33. Mexico houses a large number of migrant workers in the agricultural sector and the domestic sphere. These workers are subject to the insecure circumstances described throughout the report, but warrant specific mention due to their particular situations. 34. Due to the high number of Mexican migrants going to the United States in search of better wages, there are large gaps left in the agricultural industry. These are specifically in the Mexican state of Chiapas, where the coffee plantations depend on the seasonal work of Central American labourers (cafeteleros), many from indigenous communities in Guatemala, as the Special Rapporteur noted after his mission there in 2008 (see A/HRC/11/7/Add.3). Although many are undocumented and therefore data may be unreliable, various reports estimate that there are between 250,000 and 300,000 such labourers in the state of Chiapas alone. Although Mexican wages are reportedly higher than in Guatemala, with some estimates at 50 per cent higher, the seasonal agricultural workers are still subject to low wages, excessive hours of work, and no overtime pay, depending on their migration status and employer. Coffee picking is a specialized field; the beans must be selected one by one and coffee plants often grow on steep hillsides where it is difficult to work. The harvested beans, collected in large baskets, must then be carried away on the labourers’ backs for sorting and drying. 35. The Special Rapporteur has received reports of various abuses related to migrants’ irregular status and sentiments of racism and xenophobia, such as overwork and wrongful termination. Of particular concern is the practice of employing child labour. There have been efforts between the Government of Mexico and the International Labour Organization to regularize the flow of seasonal workers, but many of the labour practices still occur without official involvement or oversight. The state of Chiapas is in the process of developing new programmes for assistance, including for medical care and education of families of agricultural workers, but there is much left to be done in the way of regularizing labour practices and providing recourse for abuses of migrant workers. 36. The clandestine abuse of domestic migrant workers (especially from Central America) is also a major issue, but there are few programmes to protect them and little data on their numbers