E/CN.4/1992/52 page 139 Every citizen has the right to address, or to submit a report or complaint to, the public authorities, by means of a communication signed by him, in connection with any subject or incident, even if he is not involved therein. The victim has the right to institute direct legal proceedings and to appear before a criminal court in the circumstances specified in the Egyptian Penal Code. Although, in principle, the Department of Public Prosecutions has jurisdiction in regard to the institution of criminal proceedings, every citizen has the right to notify it of any detriment that he might suffer and it has an obligation to take steps to investigate the complaints and communications submitted to it." Guinea "Article 8 of the Fundamental Law states that 'all human beings are equal before the law's and article 9 says "... everyone has an indefeasible right to apply to a judge in order to assert his rights ... everyone is entitled to a fair trial in which the right of defence is guaranteed'» Anyone who is the victim of an unlawful action is entitled to bring an action against the person responsible and obtain redress for the damage suffered. The existence of two levels of courts is the rule and the safeguard." "In cases of intolerance or discrimination based on religion or belief, the victim can appeal to the Office for the Protection of the Citizen and to the competent courts of the Republic, invoking the provisions of the laws relating to religious freedom, such as the decree of 18 October 1978 on reformed faiths and the decree of 4 February 1981 forbidding any forms of discrimination based on religion." Iceland "According to the Penal Code it is punishable to mock or disgrace in public the religion, beliefs or ceremonies of a lawful religious association." Iran (Islamic Republic of) "If supposedly there occurs a clash between followers of different religions, the victim or victims can take recourse to a competent court and claim for the damages." Ireland "Remedy can be sought by reference to legal redress through the Courts in Ireland and once this remedy has been exhausted through actions taken under either the European Convention on Human Rights or the optional protocol to the United Nations Covenants which Ireland has ratified."