E/CN.4/1997/71/Add.2 page 10 upon a minimum salary of at least KD 650 for holders of No. 18 visas, who work in the private sector (for example, the clothing industry), and at least KD 450 for holders of No. 17 visas, who work for a ministry. Those who meet these criteria may apply directly to the immigration office and be joined by their spouses, but only as holders of No. 20 visas, in other words, as domestic workers, chauffeurs or skilled workers. Domestic workers are not entitled to family reunification. 4. Unemployment among Kuwaitis and promotion and protection of human rights by civil society 39. The following information has been corroborated by the Kuwaiti Human Rights Association, which emphasized to the Special Rapporteur that unemployment, and the influence of maids on the upbringing of children present Kuwait with social and economic difficulties. The public and private sectors compete for workers, and when the private sector finds that there are no Kuwaitis available to fill positions of responsibility, it recruits foreigners. It was repeatedly stressed that Kuwait recruits unskilled workers and trains them. Once trained by companies, some workers leave to seek better jobs in other countries. 40. Kuwaitis fear that the future may bring unemployment. It was pointed out that fundamentalists and other groups would like women to remain at home and be replaced by foreign manpower. According to the Kuwaiti Human Rights Association, Kuwait will have 3 million inhabitants - only a third of them Kuwaiti - in the year 2005. The Kuwaiti Graduates' Association has also expressed concern regarding the problem of unemployed Kuwaitis. According to the information it has provided to the Special Rapporteur, the country has 150,000 skilled workers, of whom 17 per cent are Kuwaiti and 83 per cent foreigners. Each year, 50,000 students graduate from the General Institute of Applied Studies and 20,000 from the University; there are also 10,000 unemployed with a general education, but the Government refuses to get rid of foreigners. The problem is allegedly that Kuwaitis are not finding the jobs they need. Since some Kuwaitis are not working in the areas for which they were trained, there are two types of unemployment: (a) “concealed unemployment”, which results from the fact that the Government offers jobs because the Constitution requires it to find work for all Kuwaitis, but those taken on are not working in their own fields; (b) “manifest unemployment”, where more than one person is hired to do the same job, resulting in high costs and inefficiency. Those interviewed by the Special Rapporteur made the following comments: “Kuwait cannot be said to be unfair to foreigners. They receive a good salary and training, and when they go home they have an advantage over others. Kuwait is training workers for other countries, and it is unfair to criticize it by exaggerating the slip-ups that occur in relations with migrant workers who, in any case, are better off in Kuwait than at home. ... Ill treatment here is a function of the needs of countries which have become exporters of manpower and of the competition between their representatives in Kuwait. ... We want to replace the foreigners with Kuwaitis because our own people are unemployed. Economists think it will be difficult to do this because a