A/HRC/42/37/Add.1 structural threats to the rights of indigenous peoples in voluntary isolation and initial contact, including the Huaorani communities. L. The situation on the northern border 70. Indigenous peoples on the northern border (Awá, Chachi, Épera, Kichwa, SionaSecoya and A’i Cofán) have for many decades been in a situation of special risk and insecurity as a result of the internal conflict in Colombia, which did not improve after the signing of the Peace Agreements. Special Rapporteur Stavenhagen recommended the adoption of an emergency plan to address the situation in the area. 17 In Ibarra, representatives of the Awá, Épera and Chachi peoples of Esmeraldas reported invasions into their territories, enforced displacement, restrictions on freedom of movement, the presence of mines and explosives on both sides of the border, pressure from illegal armed groups and the presence of drug traffickers. Similar concerns were also raised at the regional meeting in Lago Agrio. There were reports of forced recruitment of children and adolescents and serious problems of trafficking, especially of women and girls. The presence of military personnel without coordination or consultation with indigenous authorities, despite the guarantee in the Constitution, has also caused problems. The Awá community of Guadalito was forced to leave its territories when 180 military personnel stayed in the community for two months in 2018. 71. The dire security situation is compounded by structural problems, such as a lack of titles for indigenous lands, State abandonment, a lack of basic social services and the serious impact of extraction activities, both legal and illegal. Illegal logging and mining, coupled with the award, without consultation, of oil and mining concessions, and the environmental and social damage caused by African palm plantations have led to environmental and water pollution that affect peoples’ livelihood and health. 72. The Ombudsman’s Office reported that an early warning system had been established to prevent and monitor human rights violations in the area. Executive Decree No. 437, on Defence, Security and Development Policies for the Northern Border (2018), addresses the development of policies and plans for comprehensive development and increased international cooperation. The Ministry of Defence reported that it provides training in the collective rights of peoples and nations for the military personnel involved in operations in the area. M. Indigenous women 73. The Special Rapporteur held separate meetings with indigenous women of several nations and peoples at which they informed her about their problems and proposals. She was given a copy of the Mandate of Amazonian Women, a document which describes assaults against indigenous women in the context of the imposition of extraction policies, including cases of murder, attacks and criminalization. The Government plans to take steps to address violence against women in response, but it has not dealt with requests regarding the consultations held under Decree No. 1247 or the cancellation of extraction licences. 74. At these meetings with indigenous women, discussions also centred on cultural and health-related problems arising from the rejection of traditional foods or the lack of access to markets for their products. Reference was also made to the lack of adequate health services in communities, the poor quality of the existing ones and discrimination in health care. Attention was drawn to the need to develop intercultural health services and recognize traditional midwives. The environmental and social damage associated with extraction projects, including the pollution of land and water, and the increase in prostitution and violence against women and girls were also stressed. 17 GE.19-11328 A/HRC/4/32/Add.2. 15