A/71/254 individually targeted or face insecurity primarily during community activities. At the level of the group, violations include forced displacement and cultural cleansing of towns, villages and other territory from “impure” and “dehumanized” religious “others”. 50. Indeed, displacement of minority communities continued unabated in 2014 and 2015. In Iraq, visited by the Special Rapporteur in February 2016, the Yezidi minority have been targeted on the basis of their identity by the Islamic State, and forced to flee their homes, in particular in Sinjar, Northern Iraq. Other Iraqi minority communities, including Christians, Turkmen, and certain Sunni Arab tribes, have also been particularly exposed to attacks by members of the Islamic State. 51. Violence against minorities during conflict also can lead to long-term displacement of those minorities. For example, in 1990, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam expelled the entire Muslim population, estimated to be at least 70,000, from Northern Sri Lanka, many of whom to date have not been able to ret urn to those lands. 52. Even outside fully fledged armed conflicts, discrimination against minority groups in societies may reach such levels that it results in hate -based crimes and leads to internal displacement. In Myanmar, violence and atrocities commi tted against the Rohingya, coupled with the Government’s refusal to recognize their status as an ethnic minority, and denial of their citizenship, has been and is still pushing the Rohingya to flee to other parts of the country or abroad. 53. Minorities might be disproportionately affected by conflict over their lands or natural resources. For example, in Nigeria, the Special Rapporteur observed that competition for land between nomadic pastoralists and local farmers was a major conflict-generating issue in both Kaduna and Plateau States, which have often been portrayed as interreligious conflicts (see A/HRC/28/64/Add.2 para. 30). 54. Furthermore, minorities may experience disproportionate effe cts of conflicts owing to aggravating factors: minorities who are marginalized or poor may live in the most remote or impoverished regions or neighbourhoods, including in urban slums where humanitarian protection or even police protection is limited, and t hus they may experience a disproportionate impact of crises that break out, or owing to their vulnerability and marginalization, be less well equipped in the face of emerging conflicts. G. Specific human rights challenges facing minorities affected by humanitarian crises 55. While minorities may be affected in different ways by humanitarian crises owing to their minority status or indirectly, they may also often face specific human rights challenges and discrimination during or after potential displace ment or disruption because of humanitarian crises, owing to their specific position as a member of a minority group in a society, even when the trigger of their displacement or changed situation is not directly linked to their affiliation to that minority group. Indeed, the Special Rapporteur notes that belonging to a minority, coupled with other potential discriminatory factors, such as gender, can have a dramatic impact on humanitarian protection afforded to the person. 16-13193 15/25