A/77/549 Network, 141 Native Conservancy, GenderCC Women for Climate Justice Southern Africa, the Global Alliance of Territorial Communities and Mouvman Peyizan Papay, which are but a few examples of grass-roots environmental and climate-justice initiatives that are also forging transnational alliances and centring racially and ethnically marginalized groups in environmental and climate-related knowledge production. Localism alone cannot be a solution to global ecological crisis, but global approaches to adaptation, mitigation and loss and damage must be shaped by and responsive to grass-roots organizations and networks of racially, ethnically and nationally marginalized groups which are on the front lines of the global ecological crisis. 76. The Special Rapporteur additionally recommends the following to Member States, and stakeholders within the United Nations environmental and climate governance regimes: 77. Adopt a global approach that effectively responds to the fact that climate justice requires racial justice, and that racial justice requires climate justice. The racially disparate impacts of environmental degradation and climate injustice require fundamental reorientation of political institutions, economic systems and legal principles to include racial justice and equality priorities. “Green transitions” must also be racially just transitions. Transitions to cleaner forms of energy, climate adaptations and other programmes must take steps, including special measures, to ensure that climate change responses do not continue patterns of racial marginalization and discrimination. True racial justice entails an end to environmental racism, and also entails adaptation, mitigation and loss and damage frameworks that uproot the systemic racism built into the global economy, political hierarchies and legal frameworks. This includes wholesale decolonization of legal and economic systems to ensure that racially marginalized peoples, including Indigenous Peoples, possess true selfdetermination, including sovereignty over their territories. As noted in one submission, racial justice and climate justice require fiscal justice. 142 78. Prioritize reparations for historical environmental and climate harms and for contemporary harms rooted in historic injustice. The Special Rapporteur urges Member States and stakeholders to consult her 2019 report on reparations for racial discrimination rooted in slavery and colonialism, which also applies to the context of climate and environmental justice. Reparations require addressing historic climate injustice, as well as eradicating contemporary systemic racism that is a legacy of historic injustice in the context of the global ecologica l crisis. To the extent that contemporary international legal principles present barriers to historical responsibility for climate change, United Nations Member States must decolonize or transform this law in a manner that makes it capable of guaranteeing genuine equality and self-determination for all peoples. Reparations, which entail equitable international economic, political and legal frameworks, are a precondition for reorienting the global order away from ecological crisis. Proposals for pathways to reparations are growing, and progress requires global, national and local collaboration and partnership with racially, ethnically and nationally marginalized groups. 79. The Special Rapporteur emphasizes that the right to self-determination includes Indigenous Peoples’ right to development on their own terms and timelines and in accordance with their ideologies. Indigenous Peoples are diverse, with varied needs, priorities and governance structures. Indigenous __________________ 141 142 22-24043 Indigenous Environmental Network and Oil Change International, “Indigenous resistance against carbon”, August 2021. See also, submission from Kaswan. Submission from the Centre for Economic and Social Rights. 23/24