A/75/329 narratives away from linking COVID-19 to nationality, ethnicity or location. They must reject manifestations of racism that threaten to undermine global pandemic responses and instead promote tolerance and respect. The Special Rapporteur calls upon States to counter conspiracy theories and contain their spread. All responses to the pandemic should be evidence-based, legal and non-discriminatory, in order to protect public health. 90. The Special Rapporteur urges States to adopt robust, multi-level, human rights-centred approaches in their COVID-19 responses, and to address intersecting inequalities in the context of COVID-19. 91. The Special Rapporteur reiterates that States have the obligation to prosecute hate crimes committed with racist, xenophobic, antisemitic or homophobic motivations and to fight against impunity. In order to effectively prevent racially motivated crime linked to the pandemic, States should take urgent steps to ensure prompt and impartial investigation of hate crimes, and sanction those responsible. The Special Rapporteur also underscores the importance of access to legal remedies for victims of crime that has been motivated by racism or xenophobia. States should consult vulnerable groups and minorities who are affected by COVID-19-related racist, antisemitic or xenophobic crimes, and reinforce law enforcement and the criminal justice system to respond to the increasing incidence of such crimes. 92. The Special Rapporteur recalls paragraph 59 of her earlier report to the General Assembly (A/74/253), in which she called upon States to elaborate legal provisions to prohibit organizations and associations that incite racial, religious and national hatred and propagate extreme ideologies, and to do so in a manner that respects the human rights to freedom of expression and speech. To this end, the Special Rapporteur reiterates her encouragement to those States that have made reservations to article 4 of the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination to withdraw these reservations and commit to their obligation to tackle hate speech and incitement to violence. 93. As emphasized by her predecessor in his thematic report (A/HRC/29/47), the Special Rapporteur concurs that public officials, including law enforcement officials, should receive comprehensive and mandatory human rights training with a specific focus on antisemitic, racist and xenophobic crimes perpetrated by individuals linked to extremist political parties, groups and movements. These officials and law enforcement agents should engage with vulnerable groups to reduce their legitimate fears and concerns and restore confidence in the application of the rule of law, and ensure they can report such crimes effectively. 62 94. Furthermore, the Special Rapporteur urges States to provide dedicated funding for independent bodies that monitor hate crimes. These bodies play an essential role in documenting racist crimes and other incidents by providing hotlines to victims without them having to report to the police, and through which vulnerable members of ethnic minorities or migrants can seek support without fear of discrimination or risk of being detected. 95. The Special Rapporteur highlights the critical need for disaggregated data collection by race, age, income, nationality, ethnicity, gender, religion, language and sexual orientation. Reliable disaggregated data is critical to implement adequate policy and practices, to analyse the impact of COVID-19 on racially motivated crimes and other incidents, and for timely and publicly accessible release of this information. The Special Rapporteur stresses the obligation of __________________ 62 20-11206 A/HRC/29/47, para. 52. 21/23