20. States should adopt measures to reduce unemployment rates among persons belonging to national minorities, especially in economically disadvantaged regions. Measures should be instituted to ensure fair pay for all without discrimination and promote inclusivity in the formal labour market. States should disseminate labour law standards and information to national minorities in a language and in terms they can understand. Measures should be instituted to promote the inclusion of minority youth and women in the formal labour market, including through internships and paid parental leave. Unemployment among persons belonging to national minorities is a major barrier to the social and economic participation of national minorities. It can lead to the exclusion and isolation of individuals and entire groups, and impedes their ability to contribute to their society. Furthermore, high unemployment rates among national minorities can exacerbate societal divisions, hindering the integration and cohesion of diverse communities.115 States should ensure that everyone has equal opportunities for employment in both the private and the public sectors.116 Disparities in employment should be analysed based on reliable disaggregated data to identify and address any barriers to the employment of persons belonging to national minorities. Alongside comprehensive anti-discrimination legislation, measures should be instituted to promote inclusivity in the labour market. These might include employer incentives, public‑private partnerships, fiscal policies such as increased government spending or corporate tax breaks, language training, issuance of guidance for employers on their scope for taking positive action, and the reasonable accommodation of persons with special needs in the workplace.117 Where needed, targeted measures should be implemented to overcome barriers to employment for particularly disadvantaged groups, such as stateless people, and women and youth belonging to national minorities.118 Measures should be instituted to promote the inclusion of youth and women belonging to national minorities in the labour market, including through internships, training programmes, childcare 115 Ljubljana Guidelines, Guideline 40. 116 Ljubljana Guidelines, Explanatory Note to Guideline 40. 117 Ljubljana Guidelines, Explanatory Note to Guideline 40; and ECRI, General Policy Recommendation No. 14: Key Topics, Combating Racism and Racial Discrimination in Employment. 118 See inter alia FCNM AC, Commentary on Participation, paragraph 36; and CRPD, article 27. Recommendations on the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Social and Economic Life 47

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