Introduction In its Helsinki Document of July 1992, the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) established the position of High Commissioner on National Minorities (HCNM) to be an instrument of conflict prevention at the earliest possible stage in regard to tensions involving national minority issues. Over a period of 30 years, the six successive High Commissioners have encountered a number of recurring issues in their work. In response, they have published nine thematic Recommendations and Guidelines providing insight and advice for participating States facing such issues. This present document is the tenth set of thematic Recommendations and Guidelines in the series. These syntheses of accumulated experience and expertise on selected themes provide comprehensive, detailed and nuanced overviews of their subject matter. They also enhance understanding of how the selected themes affect relations between national minorities and other groups in society. This gives the High Commissioner a range of options to consider when assessing which measures are best suited for preventing conflicts involving national minorities. The first three sets of Recommendations – The Hague Recommendations regarding the Education Rights of National Minorities (The Hague Recommendations), The Oslo Recommendations regarding the Linguistic Rights of National Minorities (Oslo Recommendations) and The Lund Recommendations on the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Public Life (Lund Recommendations) – are primarily concerned with clarifying minority-rights standards in the areas of education, language and participation in public life. The subsequent two publications – Guidelines on the use of Minority Languages in the Broadcast Media and Recommendations on Policing in Multi-Ethnic Societies – address specific challenges that many States face in ensuring minorities’ access to broadcast media in their own languages and in providing effective policing in ethnically diverse societies. The Bolzano/Bozen Recommendations on National Minorities in Inter-State Relations (Bolzano/Bozen Recommendations) address the conditions and limitations within which States may support minorities residing in other Recommendations on the Effective Participation of National Minorities in Social and Economic Life 1